School of Applied Sciences and Technology 59
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
First Year: Semester I
|
Course No. |
Course Title |
Hours/Week Theory + Lab/Studio |
Credit |
Prerequisite Courses |
|
BMB 121 |
Introductory Biochemistry |
4 + 0 |
4.0 |
- |
|
BMB 122 |
Biophysical Chemistry –I |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
- |
|
BMB 123 |
Bioorganic Chemistry –I |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
- |
|
BMB 124L |
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab-I |
0+ 4 |
2.0 |
- |
|
FES 101 |
Botany |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
- |
|
MAT 102BM |
Trigonometry, vectors & Geometry |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
- |
|
ENG 101 |
English Language I |
2 + 0 |
2.0 |
- |
|
|
Total |
18+4=22 |
20.00 |
|
First Year: Semester II
|
Course No. |
Course Title |
Hours/Week Theory + Lab/Studio |
Credit |
Prerequisite Courses |
|
BMB 100 |
Oral |
- |
1.0 |
|
|
BMB 125 |
Introductory Molecular Biology |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
|
|
BMB 126 |
Biophysical Chemistry – II |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
BMB 122 |
|
BMB 127 |
Bioorganic Chemistry - II |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
BMB 123 |
|
BMB 128L |
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab-II |
0 + 2 |
2.0 |
|
|
MAT 103BM |
Calculus & Differential Equations |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
|
|
PHY 105B |
Physics for Biologists –I |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
|
|
ENG 103 BNG 101 |
English Language - II/ Bengali Language-I |
2 + 0/ 1 + 2 |
2.0/ 2.0 |
|
|
|
Total |
17/16 + 2/4 = 19/20 |
20.00 |
|
Second Year: Semester I
|
Course No. |
Course Title |
Hours/Week Theory + Lab/Studio |
Credit |
Prerequisite Courses |
|
BMB 221 |
Enzymology-I |
2 + 0 |
2.0 |
|
|
BMB 222 |
Metabolism –I |
4 + 0 |
4.0 |
|
|
BMB 223L |
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab-III |
0 + 4 |
2.0 |
|
|
GEB 201 |
Zoology |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
|
|
PHY 205B |
Physics for Biologists – II |
2 + 0 |
2.0 |
|
|
PHY 202L |
Basic Physics Lab |
0 + 4 |
2.0 |
|
|
CSE 203Y |
Introduction to Computer Language |
2 + 0 |
2.0 |
|
|
CSE 204Y |
Introduction to Computer Language Lab |
0 +6 |
3.0 |
|
|
|
Total |
13 + 14 = 27 |
20.00 |
|
Second Year: Semester II
|
Course No. |
Course Title |
Hours/Week Theory + Lab/Studio |
Credit |
Prerequisite Courses |
|
BMB 200 |
Oral |
- |
1.0 |
|
|
BMB 224 |
Enzymology-II |
2 + 0 |
2.0 |
BMB 221 |
|
BMB 225 |
Human Physiology |
4 + 0 |
4.0 |
|
|
BMB 226 |
Microbiology |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
|
|
GEB 202L |
Zoology Lab |
0 + 4 |
2.0 |
|
|
STA 209B |
Biostatistics |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
|
|
STA 209L |
Biostatistics Lab |
0 + 4 |
2.0 |
|
|
EEE 103 |
Introduction to Electrical and Electronic Circuits |
2 + 0 |
2.0 |
|
|
|
Total |
14 + 8 = 22 |
19.00 |
|
Third Year: Semester I
|
Course No. |
Course Title |
Hours/Week Theory + Lab/Studio |
Credit |
Prerequisite Courses |
|
BMB 321 |
Metabolism –II |
4 + 0 |
4.0 |
BMB 222 |
|
BMB 322 |
Molecular biology-I |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
|
|
BMB 323 |
Molecular Genetics |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
|
|
BMB 324 |
Organic Reaction Mechanism |
3+ 0 |
3.0 |
|
|
BMB 325 |
Plant Biochemistry |
2 + 0 |
2.0 |
|
|
BMB 326 |
Endocrinology |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
|
|
BMB 327L |
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab- IV |
0 + 4 |
2.0 |
|
|
|
Total |
18 + 4 =22 |
20.00 |
|
Third Year: Semester II
|
Course No. |
Course Title |
Hours/Week Theory + Lab/Studio |
Credit |
Prerequisite Courses |
|
BMB 300 |
Seminar and Oral |
- |
1.0 |
|
|
BMB 328 |
Genetic engineering |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
|
|
BMB 329 |
Basic Immunology |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
|
|
BMB 330 |
Clinical biochemistry |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
|
|
BMB 331 |
Chemistry of Natural products |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
|
|
BMB 332 |
Pharmaceutical Chemistry |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
|
|
BMB 333L |
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab -V |
0 + 5×2 |
4.0 |
|
|
|
Total |
15+ 10 = 25 |
20.00 |
|
Forth Year: Semester I
|
Course No. |
Course Title |
Hours/Week Theory + Lab/Studio |
Credit |
Prerequisite Courses |
|
BMB 421 |
Cell biology |
4 + 0 |
4.0 |
|
|
BMB 422 |
Genomics and Proteomics |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
|
|
BMB 423 |
Bioinformatics |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
|
|
BMB 424 |
Oncology |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
|
|
BMB 425 |
Plant Biotechnology |
2 + 0 |
2.0 |
|
|
BMB 426 |
Industrial Biotechnology |
2 + 0 |
2.0 |
|
|
BMB 427L |
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab - VI |
0 + 5×2 |
4.0 |
|
|
|
Total |
17 + 10 =27 |
21.00 |
|
Forth Year: Semester II
|
Course No. |
Course Title |
Hours/Week Theory + Lab/Studio |
Credit |
Prerequisite Courses |
|
BMB 400 |
Oral |
-- |
1.0 |
|
|
BMB 428 |
Molecular biology-II |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
BMB 332 |
|
BMB 429 |
Applied Immunology |
4 + 0 |
4.0 |
BMB 329 |
|
BMB 430 |
Virology |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
|
|
BMB 431 |
Neurochemistry |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
|
|
BMB 432 |
Nutritional Biochemistry |
3 + 0 |
3.0 |
|
|
MBM 433 |
Project |
0 + 10 |
3.0 |
|
|
|
Total |
16 + 10 = 26 |
20.00 |
|
BMB 121 INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY
4 Hours/Week, 4 Credits
History, Scope and future of Biochemistry: Carbohydrates: Biological functions of carbohydrates, classification and nomenclature, optical properties,
Monosaccharides: Ring structure of common monosaccharides, proof of ring structure of glucose, mutarotation of glucose, general properties and colour test of reducing sugars, important derivatives of monosaccharide, sugar acids.
Disaccharides: Maltose, lactose, sucrose and other disaccharides, Isolation from natural sources, Structure and biological importance.
Polysaccharides: Storage and structural polysaccharides, structures and functions of starch, glycogen and cellulose, other polysaccharides of illogical interests: structure & their functions.
Lipids: Nomenclature, classification, general reactions of fats, fatty acids, and sterol, structure and biological functions of different classes of lipids,
Amino acids and peptides: Structural features, optical activity, classification, physicochemical properties of amino acids and peptides.
Proteins: general introduction to proteins, classification of proteins based on biological functions, shape and structure, isolation, and purification, primary structure of proteins, sequence determination of insulin, sequence homology of homologous proteins, denaturation of proteins.
Fibrous proteins: Secondary structures of proteins, protein conformation, alpha-keratins, X-ray analysis of keratin, planar peptide bonds, alpha-helix, helix forming and destabilizing amino acids, the insolubility of alpha-keratins, beta-keratin: conformation and structure, structures of collagen and elastin, filamentous proteins: actin, myosin and microtubules.
Globular proteins: Tertiary structures of proteins: distinctive tertiary structures of myoglobin, and ribonuclease, renaturation of unfolded and denatured ribonucleases, factors maintaining the tertiary structure of globular proteins, oxygen-binding curves of haemoglobin and myoglobin, the cooperative binding of oxygen by haemoglobin, factors contributing to oxygen saturation curve of haemoglobin, sickle-cell anaemia and its relation to haemoglobin.
Protein isolation, purification and characterization: Dialysis and ultra-filtration, density gradient centrifugation, gel filtration, isoelectric precipitation, solvent fractionation, salting in and salting out of proteins, electrophoresis, SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE), isoelectric focusing, ion-exchange chromatography, HPLC, selective adsorption, affinity chromatography, minimum molecular weight determination, osmotic pressure measurements, sedimentation analysis, light scattering.
Books Recommended:
BMB 122 BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY –I
6 Hours/Week, 3 Credits
The gaseous state, the kinetic theory: The gas laws; the ideal gas equation, Avogadro’s law, Dalton’s law of partial pressures, Grahman’s law of diffusion and effusion.
The kinetic theory of gases; the model, the kinetic gas equation, kinetic energy and temperature, derivation of gas laws
The Liquids: Introduction: the kinetic molecular description, intermolecular forces in liquids, surface tension, viscosity and diffusion as properties of liquids.
Distribution law: Introduction, Nernst’s distribution law, solubility and distribution law, distribution law and molecular state, Herry’s law, determination and equilibrium constant, solvent extraction, multiple extraction
Solution of nonelectrolytes: Introduction, definition, concentration units, partial molar quantities, chemical potential, Raoult’s law, Henry’s law, Real solutions: activity and activity coefficient, colligative properties: osmotic pressure, semipermeable membranes, determination of osmotic pressure, isotonic solutions, determination of molecular weight.
Chemical equilibrium: The nature of chemical equilibrium, law of mass action, equilibrium constant, relationship between ΔG and Keq, effect of temperature and pressure, Le Chatelier’s principle, equilibrium reaction involving protons, coupling of reactions.
Thermodynamics: First law Introduction: Definitions, nature of heat and work, PV work, maximum work, first law of thermodynamics: internal energy, enthalpy, molar heat capacities, isothermal and adiabatic expansion
Thermochemistry: Exothermic and endothermic reactions, standard enthalpy of formation, thermochemical equations, reaction enthalpy: dependence on temperature, standard enthalpy of formation, Hess’s law and its applications, bond energies
Acids and bases: Bronsted-Lowry concept, Lewis concept, strengths of acids, pH, buffer solutions, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, acid-base indicators, acid-base titration, choice of a suitable indicator, salt hydrolysis.
BMB 123 BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY–I
6 Hours/week, 3 Credits
Chemical bonding: Covalent bond, ionic bond, hybrid orbital, polarity of bonds, electronegativity, dipole moment, potential curve, weak bonds, hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions. Intermolecular forces, boiling point, melting point, solubility.
Alkanes: Occurrence, structure, nomenclature, synthesis, physical and chemical properties, free radical substitution, stability of free radicals, hologenation.
Stereochemistry and Stereoisomerism: Enantiomers, polarimeter, plane polarised light and optical activity, diastereomers, racemic modification, meso structures.
Alkyl halides: Nucleophilic substitution reactions, SN1 and SN2 reactions, carbocations, carbocation rearrangement, E1 and E2 elimination reactions, Grignard reagents and the organometallic compounds.
Alkenes and alkynes: Occurrence, structure, nomenclature, synthesis, physical and chemical properties including electrophilic addition and free radical reactions, polymerizations free radical halogenation of alkenes, allylic rearrangement, stability of allylic radical.
Alcohols, ethers, epoxides and diols: Occurence, nomenclature, structure, synthesis, physical and chemical properties and uses.
Dienes: Structure and properties of 1,3 butadiene, addition reactions, polymerization, Diels-Alder and other reactions of dienes.
BMB 125 INTRODUCTORY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
3 Hours/week, 3 Credits
Life: Concept, identifying characters, organization, metabolism, homeostasis, adaptation, reproduction, aging and death.
Heredity: Mendel’s laws of inheritance, the concept of gene, discovery of the chemical substance of heredity.
Nucleic acids: Types and composition of nucleic acids, nucleosides, nucleotides, polynucleotides, their synthesis and breakdown.
DNA: Watson and Crick model of DNA double helix, physicochemical properties of DNA, different conformations of DNA, base composition and UV absorption spectrum, denaturation and renaturation of DNA, and their function.
RNA: Discovery of mRNA as information carrier, types, structure and functions of different types of RNA.
Genes and Genomes: Genes, genomes and chromosomes, genome of different organisms, co-linearity of genes and proteins, introns, and exons.
Concept on Gene Expression: Central dogma of molecular biology, replication, transcription, translation and genetic code, DNA polymerases, RNA polymerases, nucleases.
Application of Molecular Biology: in agriculture, food industry, medical sciences, detection of genetic diseases, pharmaceutical production, gene therapy and. forensic studies.
Books recommended:
BMB 126 BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY –II
3 Hours/week, 3 Credits
Chemical Kinetics: Definition, reaction rate, rate laws, zero, first and second order reactions, molecularly of a reaction, pseudo first order reaction, half life, determination of order and rate constant, effect of temperature on reaction rates. Theories reaction rates: The collision theory, the activated complex theory; The collision theory, the activated complex theory; Catalysis: Definition, types, characteristics of catalysts, activation energy and catalysis
Second law of Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic reversibility and irreversibility, spontaneous processes, entropy, thermodynamic efficiency, statements of second law, entropy changes: phase transition, heating, irreversible processes.
Free energy: variation with temperature and pressure Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, Clapeyron-Clausius equation Applications of thermodynamics in biochemistry Biochemical relevance of classical thermodynamics open systems, high energy compounds.
Spectrophotometry: Introduction Absorption of radiation by matter, measurement of intensity of radiation luminescence, fluorescence. Beer-Lambert law, standard curves, working principle of a spectro photometer.
Electrochemistry: Electrolytes and Electrolysis, theories and laws of electrolysis, non-electrolytes and polyelectrolytes.
Electrolytic and electronic conduction: Measurement of conductance, molar and equivalent conductance determination, independent law of ionic migration., Electrode potential and emf of a cell Different types of cell used in practical purpose (Quinhydrone electrode, Daniel cell and lead storage battery, hydrogen electrode, standard cell, calomel electrode.), Application of e.m.f. measurement.
Adsorption: Adsorbate, adsorbent, cause of adsorption, Langmuir’s and Frieundlisch’s adsorption isotherm
BMB 127 BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY-II
2 Hours/week, 2 Credits
Aromaticity: Structure of benzene, sources of aromatic hydrocarbons, industrially important aromatic compounds, nomenclature of benzene derivatives, electrophilic and nucleophilic aromatic substitution, chemistry of aromatic-aliphatic compounds.
Aldehydes and ketones: Nomenclature, synthesis, nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction, oxidation reduction of carbony1 compounds, haloform reaction, enolisation in biological system, a-halo-carbony1 compounds, aldol condensation, benzoin condensation, claisen condensation, crossed aldol and crossed claisen condensation
Carboxylic acids and their derivatives: Nomenclature, synthesis, classification, properties, reactions, uses decarboxylation reaction, dicarboxylic acids, and esters.
Nitro-compounds and amines: Occurrence, nomenclature, synthesis, classification, properties, reactions, uses, diazonium compounds.
Phenols: Occurrence, nomenclature, synthesis, properties and reactions, polyhydric phenols.
BMB 128L BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LAB-II
4 Hours/week, 2 Credits
BMB 221 ENZYMOLOGY-I
2 Hours/week, 2 Credits
Introduction: Brief history, enzyme as biological catalysts, classification, nomenclature. Enzyme assay, specific activity, enzyme activity units
Enzymes as biological catalysts: Does not alter reaction equilibrium accelerate the reaction by stabilizing transition states, immense catalytic power, high specific and regulatory properties, transform different forms of energy.
Factors affecting the rate of enzymatic reactions: substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, pH, temperature, coenzymes and cofactors.
Enzyme kinetics: Monosubstrate reactions Michaelis-Menten equation and its linear transformations, Km and Vmax: definition, determination, and significance.
Enzyme Inhibition:
Reversible inhibition: Competitive, non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibition. Irreversible inhibition, specific examples, Identification of functional groups essential for catalysis general methods, ribonuclease and chymotrypsin as specific examples.
Books Recommended:
BMB 222 METABOLISM –I
4 Hours/week, 4 Credits
Introduction: General aspects of metabolism, experimental approaches to study metabolism, metabolic and energy transfer pathway, survey of intermediary metabolism.
The plasma membrane: The lipid bilayer, membrane fluidity, membrane-bound proteins and membrane transport.
Glycolysis: The glycolytic pathway, aerobic and anaerobic fate, regulation of glycolytic pathway, metabolism of disaccharides, pentose and hexose sugar, physiological importance of anaerobic glycolysis, anaerobic glycolysis and tumor
cells, anaerobic glycolysis and heart attack, fructose intolerance, galactosemia, diabetes mellitus, hemolytic anemia, hypoglycemia and premature infants.
Glycogen metabolism: Glycogenolysis and glycogenesis, metabolism and regulation.
Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle: Cycle overview, amphibolic nature of TCA cycle, anaplerotic reaction, regulation of TCA cycle, pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, mitochondrial myopathy, glyoxalate cycle.
Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation: Evolution of electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, disorder due to deficiency of mitochondrial protein, Luffts syndrome, deficiency of electron transfer protein, brown adipose tissue and thermogenesis, diet induced thermogenesis.
Other pathways of carbohydrate metabolism: The pentose phosphate pathway, glucose to glucuronic acid and ascorbic acid.
Biosynthesis of carbohydrate: Gluconeogenesis and its regulation, biosynthesis of di, oligo and polysaccharide, glycoprotein, proteoglycans, sugar interconversion and nucleotide sugar formation.
Lipid metabolism: Lipoprotein metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, ketone body formation and utilization, fatty acid biosynthesis, regulation of fatty acid metabolism, storage of fatty acid as triglyceride, utilization of fatty acid for energy production, metabolism and functional role of polyunsaturated fatty acid, cholesterol biosynthesis, arachidonate metabolism, prostaglandin, prostacyclin, thromboxanes and leukotrienes, phospholipid and glycolipid metabolism, biosynthetic hormone. Disorders of lipid metabolism
BMB 223 BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LAB-III
2 Hours/week, 2 Credits
BMB 224 ENZYMOLOGY-II
2 Hours/week, 2 Credits
Regulatory enzyme:
Allosteric enzymes: Properties, pattern of allosteric regulation (feedback inhibition and feed forward stimulation), kinetics (Hill equation), cooperativity, Monod and Koshland models of cooperativity, and study of an allosteric enzyme (aspartate transcarbamoylase).
Covalently modified enzymes: Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, adenylylation and deadenylylation, Enzyme activation by proteolysis.
Isoenzymes: Lactate dehydrogenase, hexokinase with their characteristics and biological importance.
Mechanism of action of specific enzymes: Chymotrypsin, lysozyme, ribonuclease A, and carboxypeptidase A.
Membrane bound enzymes: Introduction, properties and biological significance of these enzymes.
Novel enzymes: Ribozymes.
Cofactors and coenzymes: Nature and source of co-factors and co-enzymes, examples of reactions using specific co-enzymes and co-factors.
Bioenergetics: Bioenergetics and thermodynamics, free energy, standard free energy change, high-energy compounds and their free energy change, the ATP cycle, occurrence and properties of ATP, central role of ATP in metabolism, other high energy compounds.
Books Recommended:
Organization of Human Body: Tissues, types of tissues (epithelial tissues, connective tissues, muscular tissues and neuronal tissues), organs and systems.
Blood: Properties and composition of blood, plasma and serum, formation of blood cells, structure, properties and function of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, quantities of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, blood grouping, blood transfusion and cross matching test, erythrocyte disorders, erythroblastosis fetalis, ESR; types of leukocytes, structure, properties and functions of different leukocytes, abnormalities of leukocyte count; structure, properties and functions of platelets, platelet plug formation, mechanisms of platelet aggregation, coagulation, the fate of blood clots, coagulation disorders.
The Heart and the Circulatory System: Gross anatomy of the heart, systemic, pulmonary and coronary blood circuits, cardiac muscle and the conduction system, electrical and contractile activity of the heart, blood flow, heart sounds and the cardiac cycle, cardiac output, general anatomy of blood vessels, arteries and arterioles, veins and venuoles, capillaries, capillary exchange, coronary atherosclerosis, blood pressure, primary hypertension and secondary hypertension.
Lymphatic System: Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus and spleen.
Digestive System: General anatomy, digestive processes and functions, digestive enzymes; saliva and salivary glands; gastric secretions; the liver (Gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy, functions and diseases); bile; absorption and chemical digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
Excretory System: The kidney, gross anatomy of kidney, ultra-structure and functions of the nephron, renal functions and regulation of glomerular filtration, composition and properties of urine, renal clearance and glomerular filtration rate, renal insufficiency and hemodialysis, role of kidney in water, electrolyte and acid base balance, disorders of acid-base balance.
Respiratory System: Anatomy of respiratory system, inspiration and expiration, composition of air, alveolar gas exchange, gas transport, systemic gas exchange, the effects of hydrogen ions, carbondioxide, and oxygen on respiration, oxygen imbalance, chronic pulmonary diseases, smoking and lung cancer, infectious diseases (Pneumonia and Tuberculosis).
Nervous System: Structure and function of central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, nephron structure, nerve impulse, action potential, synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters.
Reproductive System: Male reproductive system, spermatogenesis and regulation of spermatogenesis, female reproductive system, oogenesis and its regulation, puberty, menstruation, menstrual cycle and its regulation, sterility and infertility, birth control strategies.
Aging: The theory of aging.
Books Recommended:
BMB 226 MICROBIOLOGY
3 Hours/week, 3 Credits
Introduction: Historical development of Microbiology, Microorganisms, origin of microorganisms, types of microorganisms - bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoa, microscopy, characteristics of different types of microscope.
Bacteria: General features of bacteria, classification, nutritional aspects of bacterial cultivation, media composition, type and sterilization, growth and reproduction, isolation of pure culture from natural sources, enumeration and preservation of culture.
Viruses: General features of viruses, classification with representative examples, TMV and λ-phage, lytic cycle and lysogeny.
Fungi: General features of fungi, brief outline of growth and reproductive characteristics of major groups of fungi.
Microbes and Diseases: Pathogenicity and virulence, microbial toxins, common microbial infections such as diarrhea, respiratory infections, tetanus and tuberculosis, their transmission and prevention.
Microbial Metabolism and Physiology: Comparative study of the glucose catabolic pathways in microbes, the use of these pathways for various fermentation products such as ethanol, propanol, propionate, butyrate, butanol, formate and methane; metabolism of amino acids.
Microbes of Industrial Importance: Industrially important microbes, their sources, isolation from natural habitat, screening and strain improvement.
Microbes and Environment: Nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle, sewage disposal, biogas production and microbial greenhouse gases.
Books Recommended:
BMB 321: METABOLISM –II
4 Hours/week, 4 Credits
Amino acid metabolism: Overview of catabolism of amino acids, metabolic fates of amino groups, Nitrogen excretion and the urea cycle, link between urea cycle and citric acid cycle, glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids, oxidative degradation of amino acids to specialized products, amino acid biosynthesis, regulation of amino acid metabolism, metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, propionate and methylmalonate metabolism, nitrogen fixation, folic acid and one-carbon metabolism, glutathione metabolism. Clinical correlations: Phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, folic acid deficiency, hyperamonemia and hepatic coma, and deficiencies of the urea cycle enzymes.
Heme metabolism: Biosynthesis and degradation of heme, regulation of heme metabolism, metabolic abnormalities.
Nucleotide metabolism: Overview, metabolic functions of nucleotides, synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, formation of deoxyribonucleotides, nucleotide degradation, biosynthesis of nucleotide coenzymes, nucleotide metabolizing enzymes as a function of cell cycle and rate of cell division, antimetabolities of purine and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism, regulation of nucleotide metabolism, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, gout, orotic aciduria.
Metabolic interrelationships: Overview, starve-feed cycle, mechanisms involved in switching the metabolism of the liver between the well-fed state and the starved state, metabolic interrelationships of tissues in various nutritional and hormonal states, metabolism in physical exercise.
Metabolism of specialized tissues: Skeletal muscle, adipose tissues, liver, kidney, nervous tissue, lung, eye, blood cells and skin.
Metabolism of Xenobiotics: Introduction, general properties of xenobiotics, metabolism of xenobiotics, cell injury induced by xenobiotics, biological effects of xenobiotics, characteristics of Cyt.b450 conjugation, reduction, hydrolysis and oxidation as methods of xenobiotic metabolism.
Books Recommended:
BMB 322: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY-I
3 Hours/week, 3 Credits
Structure and Properties of DNA: The DNA double helix, different conformations of DNA, physicochemical properties of DNA such as Tm value, Cot value, hybridization kinetics, sequence complexity, tandem repeat sequence, palindromic sequence, hairpin and cruciform structure.
Structure and Functions of RNA: Types of RNA, general structure, characteristics and functions of different types of RNAs, other RNAs.
Replication: Mode of DNA replication (semiconservative), prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication, Okazaki fragments, primosome, replisome, coordinated synthesis of leading and lagging strands, rolling circle mechanism, prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA polymerases, nucleases, telomere replication and telomerase, regulation of DNA replication.
Transcription: Prokaryotic transcription process, RNA polymerase, regulation of transcription, promoters, enhancers, terminators, reverse transcription, post-transcriptional processing of different RNAs.
Translation: Genetic code, wobble hypothesis, co-linearity of gene and protein structure, composition of prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosome, protein synthesis (initiation, elongation, and termination), control of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, inhibitors of protein synthesis, post-translation modifications, protein folding and chaperones, protein translocation.
Extra-chromosomal DNA: Extra-chromosomal genetic elements in bacteria, plasmid structure and biology, use of extra-chromosomal genetic elements.
Molecular Biology Techniques: Isolation and purification of nucleic acids, agarose gel electrophoresis, molecular weight determination, equilibrium density gradient ultracentrifugation, DNA amplification by PCR and its application, DNA probes, Southern-blot hybridization, DNA sequencing technology, modern automated DNA sequencing techniques, chemical synthesis of DNA.
Books Recommended:
BMB 323: MOLECULAR GENETICS
3 Hours/week, 3 Credits
Genetics of Bacterial Viruses: Chromosome structure of bacteriophage lambda and T4, life cycle of bacteriophage lambda, lytic and lysogenic cycle, genetic map of bacteriophage lambda and T4.
Genetics of Bacteria: Bacterial conjugation, sexuality in bacteria, F-factor, Hfr strains, genetic mapping in bacteria-recombination mapping and linkage map in E.coli, fine structure mapping of gene in bacteria with reference to tryptophan and histidine biosynthesis genes, interrupted mating studies, chromosome map in time units.
Control of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes: Transcriptional control and the Operon concept, lac and trp operons, transcriptional attenuation, transcriptional activation.
Genetic Recombination: Classical breakage and reunion hypothesis of chiasma formation, homologous recombination, site specific recombination, hybrid DNA model, Rec system, recombination mapping of linked genes, aberrant segregation ratios in tetrad analysis.
Mutation: Types of mutation (point, silent, miss-sense, non-sense, frame-shift, transition and transversion mutations), physicochemical mutagens, molecular mechanism of mutation, spontaneous and induced mutations, site directed mutagenesis.
DNA Repair Mechanism: Types of DNA damage, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, recombination repair, the SOS system.
Books recommended:
BMB 324: ORGANIC REACTION MECHANISM
3 Hours/week, 3 Credits
Stereochemistry: Introduction, configuration, specification of configuration, R & S sequence rules, diastereoisomers, mesostructure, specification of configuration having more than one chiral center, reaction involving stereoisomers, racemic modification and their isolation, stereochemistry of ring system, resolution of racemic mixture.
Heterocyclic compounds: Introduction, importance of naturally occurring heterocyclic ystems in biological reactions; chemistry of heterocyclic cmpounds; general methods of preparation and properties of furans, thiophenes, pyrroles, quinoline, isoquinoline, pyridine, purines and pyrimidines; nomenclature; aromaticity.
Organophosphorus and organosulfur compounds: A general account of compounds in this category, their biological significance, synthesis and use.
Reaction mechanism: Nucleophilic substitution at saturated carbon atom; carbonium ions; electron deficient nitrogen and oxygen atoms; electrophilic and nucleophilic substitutions in aromatic systems; electrophilic and nucleophilic addition to C=C; nucleophilic addition to C = O; elimination reactions; carbanions.
Co-enzymes and mechanism of coenzyme involved reactions: Structure, chemistry, biological role and mechanism of pyridine nucleotides (NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH), flavin co-enzymes (FMN/FMNH2, FAD/FADH2), lipoic acid, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), biotin, folate derivatives, cobalamine (Vit-B12), and coenzyme-A involved biological reactions, structure and biological role of ATP, mechanisms of ATP involved biological reactions.
Books recommended:
BMB 325: PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY
2 Hours/week, 2 Credits
Energy Transduction in Plants: Capture of energy, main organelles involved (chloroplast and mitochondria) and their fine structure; plant-light interaction in photosynthesis, different photoreceptors; biochemical mechanism of photosynthesis, chemistry and significance of photosystems, ATP biosynthesis, C3 and C4 metabolism, CAM metabolism by xerophytes, ecological significance of photosysthesis, Release of energy, nature of oxydoreduction, hydrogen and election transfer, genesis of NADPH, photorespiration mechanism, hydrogen peroxide as end product of respiration.
The Phytochrome System: Chemistry and function of phytochromes in plant development, mechanism of phytochrome action; gene expression as influenced by phytochromes.
Biochemistry of Nitrogen Fixation: Biology of symbiotic nodule formation; biochemistry of dinitrogen splitting, mechanism of dinitrogenase action, energy cost of dinitrogen splitting; biochemistry of nitrogen assimilation by plants, molecular genetics of nitrogen fixation.
Plant Hormones: Type of plant hormones; structure, biosynthesis and mode of action of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinin, abscisic acid, ethylene hormones in signal transduction mechanism of hormone-gene interaction role in differentiation, embryogenesis organogenesis, micropropagation.
Secondary Metabolites: Types of major plant secondary metabolites, biosynthesis and biological significance of major terpenes, phenolic compounds and alkaloids; carotenoids; molecular mechanism of plant resistance to pests and pathogens.
Stress Metabolism: General effects of water and temperature stress; high temperature-induced stress. Heat shock proteins, regulation and functions of heat shock proteins; biochemistry of salt tolerance; salt-induced gene expression.
Books recommended:
BMB 326: ENDOCRINOLOGY
3 Hours/week, 3 Credits
Introduction to hormones: Definition, general function, classification of hormones, endocrine glands, and target gland concept, negative and positive feed back regulation.
Hormone action: Hormone receptors, mechanism of action of peptide and steroid hormone, intracellular messengers.
Pituitary and hypothalamic hormones: Structure and synthesis, physiological and biochemical action.
Thyroid and parathyroid hormones: Structure, synthesis and transportation, mode of action and pathophysiology.
Hormones of the adrenal cortex: Chemistry, biosynthesis and its regulation, transportation, mode of action and pathophysiology.
Hormones of adrenal medulla: Structure, biosynthesis, release, metabolism and mode of action.
Hormones of gonads: Structure, biosynthesis, metabolism, mode of action and pathophysiology, assay of human chorionic gonadotrophin and its clinical significance.
Hormones of the pancreas: Structure, function, metabolism and mode of action of pancreatic hormones, assay of insulin and its clinical significance.
Gastrointestinal hormones: Structure, biosynthesis, function, metabolism and mode of action of secretin, gastrin, cholecystokinin.
Hormone-like molecules: Eicosanoids, non-hormone pheromones.
Books Recommended:
BMB 327: BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LAB-IV
2 Hours/week, 2 Credits
BMB 328: GENETIC ENGINEERING
3 Hours/week, 3 Credits
Recombinant DNA: Recombinant DNA; clone, vector, host systems, plasmid and phage vector, other vectors, cosmid, phagemid, M13, BAC, PAC, and YAC, restriction enzymes and their properties, other enzymes involved in recombinant DNA technology.
Selection of Recombinant DNA: Positive and negative selection of recombinant DNA using different selectable markers, detection of translation product, isolation of recombinant DNA.
Gene Manipulation: Cloning and expression of genes in bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells, general parameters that affect expression, expression strategies for maximal product formation, commercial and medical applications.
Protein Engineering: An outline of principles, site-directed mutagenesis (deletion mutagenesis, oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis, chemical mutagenesis, PCR mediated in vitro mutagenesis) for recombinant protein production.
Biotechnology in Medical Science: Generation of gene knockout organisms, transgenic animals, the uses of transgenic animals in the development of gene therapy, development of target-specific drugs, production of insulin in E. coli.
Books Recommended:
BMB 329: BASIC IMMUNOLOGY
3 Hours/week, 3 Credits
Introduction: Adaptive and innate immunity cells of the immune system, soluble mediators of immunity- complement, cytokines, antigens and antibodies, immune responses, clonal selection, immune effector mechanisms-inflammation, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, defense against intracellular and extracellular pathogens, vaccination, immunopathology.
Cells involved in immune response: Lymphoid cells, morphological heterogeneity of lymphocytes, cell surface markers. T cells, B cells, Natural killer cells, lymphocyte activation and proliferation, mononuclear phagocytes, antigen-presenting cells, polymorphonuclear granulocytes and platelets, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells.
Immunoglobulins: Distribution, classes and subclasses, physicochemical properties and functions of human immunoglobulin classes, general properties and structure of immunoglobulins in relation to function, Antibody structure and its effector functions, enzymatic cleavage of human Ig, structure in relation to antigen binding, genetic basis of antibody heterogenecity.
Antigens: Antigenicity and immunogenicity, antigenic determinants, haptens, antigen antibody binding, antibody affinity and avidity, antibody specificity and cross reactivity, physiological significance of high and low affinity antibodies.
Complement: Activities of complement proteins, activation of complement, classical pathway, regulation of classical pathway activation, alternative pathway of complement activation, the lectin pathway, regulation of amplification loop, formation and regulation of membrane attacks complex, biological effects of complement.
Techniques to study antigen-antibody interactions: Precipitation, agglutination, Immunodiffusion, single-radial Immunodiffusion, double Immunodiffusion, immuno-electrophoresis, countercurrent electrophoresis, rocket electrophoresis, immunoflouorescence, complement fixation, radio-immuno assay, Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Books Recommended:
BMB 330: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
3 Hours/week, 3 Credits
Disease and its Diagnosis: Diseases, causes of diseases, parameters of diseases (symptoms, sign and lesion), Significance of diagnostic test, hazards in diagnostic tests, quality control of laboratory services, characteristics of laboratory data (accuracy and precision), reference values, unexpected test results, strategies and cautions taken in such cases.
Specimen collection and preservation for diagnostic tests: Biochemical analysis in body fluids (in blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, transudates and exudates, amniotic fluid and synovial fluids), collection and preservation of specimen in laboratory, use of preservatives.
Clinical application of enzymes, metabolites and electrolytes:
a) Enzymes: Preference of enzymes as diagnostic tools, plasma enzymes, factors considered in enzyme diagnosis, mechanism of leakage of enzyme from tissue, some diagnostically important enzymes: creatine kinase (CK), alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), amylase and lipase.
b) Metabolites: Creatinine, CCR, Urea, BUN, Uric acid, Cholesterol, Bilirubin and glucose.
c) Electrolytes: Na+, K+, Clˉ and HCO3ˉ.
Introduction to genetic disorders: Mutation, effect of mutation, general classification of diseases, metabolic disorders, basis of metabolic disorders, mode of expression, diagnosis and treatment/preventative measures of genetic/metabolic disorders, inheritance of genetic disorders: autosomal dominant inheritance, autosomal recessive inheritance, X-linked dominant inheritance, and X-linked recessive inheritance, structural genetic disorders; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome and Klinefelter’s syndrome.
Genetic/metabolic disorders: Hemophilia, Hemolytic anemia, Sickle cell anemia, Pernicious anemia, Thalassemia, PKU, Alkaptonuria, Galactosemia, Fructose intolerance, Glycogen storage diseases, Lipid storage diseases, Malabsorption syndrome, Hyperuricemia and Gout.
Common diseases: Diabetes mellitus, obesity, jaundice, cirrhosis, hepatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, acidosis and alkalosis.
Books Recommended:
BMB 331: CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS
2 Hours/week, 2 Credits
Terpenes: Classification, Isoprene rules, isolation and purification, general methods of determining the structure of terpenes, chemistry of citral, ionones, pinenes, camphor zinziberene, abietic acid.
Alkaloids: Definition, occurrence, classification, isolation and purification, general methods of determining the structure of alkaloids, chemistry of nicotine, atropine, cocaine, ephedrine and morphine.
Carotenoids: Introduction, sources, isolation, characterization and structure determination of carotenoids.
Steroids: Isolation, purification, structure determination, use of steroid in oral contraceptives.
Antibiotics: Definition, natural and synthetic antibiotics, antibiotic-producing microorganisms, and major types of naturally produced commercially important antibiotics, their chemical structure and biosynthesis, methods for production of semi-synthetic antibiotics, advantages and disadvantages of semi-synthetic and synthetic antibiotics.
Spectroscopic techniques: IR, UV, NMR and mass spectroscopy, brief theoretical treatment and application of these techniques in structure determination of natural products.
Books Recommended:
BMB 332: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
3 Hours/week, 3 Credits
Drug: Definition, dosage forms, administration of drugs and routes of administration.
Pharmacokinetics: Definition, drug absorption and bioavailability, distribution of drugs, metabolism of drug: pathways of drug metabolism, factors affecting drug metabolism; methods of studying drug metabolism, new aspects of drug metabolism; excretion of drugs.
Pharmacodynamics: Definition, mechanisms of drug action, cellular sites of drug action, drug receptors, structure-activity relationship, binding forces in the drug receptor interaction, receptors for physiological regulatory molecules, physiological receptors, regulation of receptors, consequence of drug receptor interaction, receptor pharmacology, analysis of the graded dose response relationship, classical receptor theory, actions of drugs that are not directly mediated by receptors.
Toxicology: Principles of toxicology, dose-response relationship, drug toxicity, risk assessment, acute versus chronic exposure, chemical forms of drugs that produce toxicity, spectrum of undesired effects, evaluation of drug toxicity in lower animals, LD50, ED50, TD50, design of toxicity tests, toxicological procedures in animals.
Drug Allergy: Key features of drug allergy, immunologic basis of drug allergy, types of drug allergy, tests for prediction of drug allergies, desensitization and management of drug allergies in man.
Drug design:
(i) Design of drug by molecular modification (general process, special process-ring closure or opening, introduction of double bond/chiral centre, introduction of removal or replacement of bulky groups. introduction of alkylating moieties, isoteric substitution); methods of lead optimization (Tobliss sequential method).
(ii) Drug latentiation, pro-drugs.
(iii) Rational drug design, Anti-metabolites and enzyme inhibitors.
Pilot Plant Scale Up Techniques: Primary functions of the pharmaceutical pilot plant, factors to be considered during development, reporting responsibilities, personnel requirements, space requirements, review of the formula, raw materials, relevant processing equipments, production rates, process evaluation, master manufacturing procedures, GMP consideration.
Books Recommended:
BMB 333: BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LAB-V
8 Hours/week, 4 Credits
BMB 421 CELL BIOLOGY
4 Hours/week, 4 Credits
The cytoskeleton: Muscle contraction, ciliary movement, general features of microtubules and actin filaments as dynamic assemblies, microtubule organizing centers and microtubule associated proteins, actin filaments and actin binding proteins in nonmuscle cells, intermediate filaments, organization of the cytoskeleton.
Cell growth and cell division: Control of cell division, tumor viruses as tools for studying the control of the cell cycle events in the S phase, the logic of the cycle, cell division.
Cell-cell adhesion: The extracellular matrix, intercellular recognition and cell adhesion, cell junctions.
Chemical signaling between cells: Three different strategies of chemical signaling, local chemical mediators, hormones and neurotransmitter, signaling mediated by intracellular receptors; mechanism of steroid hormone action, signaling mediated by cell surface receptors, cyclic AMP and calcium ions as second messengers, involvement of G-proteins in signal transduction, target cell adaptation.
Germ cells and fertilization: The benefits of sex, meiosis, gametes, and fertilization.
Cellular mechanisms of development: Cleavage and blastula formulation, gastrulation, neurolation and somite formation, early steps in pattern formation; Determination and differentiation, patterns in space, positional information, limb development, inductive interactions in the development of epithelia.
Differentiated cells and the maintenance of tissues: Maintenance of the differentiated state, tissues with permanent cells, renewal by simple duplication, renewal by stem cells, epidermis, renewal by pluripotent stem cells, blood cell formation, quiescent stem cells, skeletal muscle, soft cells and tough matrix, growth turnover, repair of skeletal connective tissue, territorial stability in the adult body.
BMB 422: GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS
3 Hours/week, 3 Credits
Introduction to Genomics: What is genomics? Genetics to genomics and its applications.
Genome Mapping: Karyotype, genetic map (linkage map), cytogenetic map and chromosome banding, correlation of genetic and cytological map, nomenclature of chromosome banding regions, physical map.
Genome Analysis: Analysis of genomic markers, such as, short tandem repeats (STRs) or microsatellites, variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) or minisatellites, sequence tagged sites (STS), expressed sequence tags (ESTs), human leukocyte antigens (HLA), gender markers, mitochondrial genome markers using RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, PCR, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH); genomic library construction, colony or plaque hybridization and screening, chromosome ‘walking’.
The human Genome: Background, Human Genome Project (HGP), genome sequencing strategy, hierarchical shotgun sequencing, whole genome shotgun sequencing, features of the complete human genome, variations in the human genome, known examples of SNPs that cause diseases, pharmacogenomics, ethical consequences of genomic variations, pedigree analysis.
Proteomics: What is proteomics? Proteome, applications, protein 3D structures, protein identifications (2-hybrid system, 2-D gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry/MALDI-TOF, protein microarrays, other arrays), statistical models and stochastic processes in proteomics, signal processing for proteomics, protein interaction networks, measuring protein interactions, large- scale databases of information for protein sequences, structures, functions and interactions; mining of protein databases, applications to human disease studies.
Books Recommended:
BMB 423: BIOINFORMATICS
3 Hours/week, 3 Credits
Introduction to Bioinformatics: What is Bioinformatics? The fundamentals of protein and nucleic acid sequence analysis, Data-base searching, pair-wise alignments, database searching including BLAST, Sequences analysis with PERL, Multiple sequences alignments; phylogenetic analysis, Profile searches of databases, revealing protein motifs, 3D structural comparisons, predictions and modeling.
Networks in Bioinformatics: Communication networks, Biological networks (Protein interaction networks, Gene regulation networks), Databases and search tools for biological network analysis, Genomic circuits: in single genes, Complex integrated Genomic circuits, modeling whole genome circuits: Genomics vs. Proteomics.
IPR Issues in Bioinformatics: Human genome wealth of humankind, genome databases in public and private domain, and the debate continues.
Books Recommended:
BMB 424: ONCOLOGY
3 Hours/week, 3 Credits
Introduction: Definitions, terminologies, benign and malignant tumor, tumor cell growth and kinetics of tumor cell growth, host factors affecting tumor cell growth.
The spread of tumors: Pathways and mechanisms, mechanisms of tumor invasion, dissemination of tumor cells via lymphatic and blood vessels, pattern of metastatic spread, role of immune system in modulation of metastasis, experimental approaches to metastasis.
Carcinogens and mutagens:
a) Chemical agents: Carcinogenic chemicals and mechanism of chemical carcinogenesis.
b) Radiations: UV rays, X-rays, mechanism of radiation carcinogenesis.
c) Oncogenes: DNA and RNA oncogenic viruses, retroviruses, oncogenes (product of proto-oncogenes), their functions, activation of proto-oncogenes, mechanism of viral oncogenesis, cancer suppressor genes (antioncogenes).
Host-tumor interactions: Effect of tumor on host, host defense against tumors, and cell-mediated immune response to cancer.
Hormones and cancer: Mechanism of hormone action, and action of hormones in carcinogenesis.
Human cancer: Human cancers, laboratory diagnosis, treatments and management.
Books Recommended:
BMB 425: PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
2 Hours/week, 2 Credits
Plant cell culture and applications: Manipulation at cellular level, totipotency of plant cells, somatic embryogenesis, organogenesis, recalcitrant plants, micropropagation and applications, Disease free plants, Protoplast culture and fusion with reference to cybrids and cytoplasmic male sterility, Anther culture and applications for breeding, Commercialization of tissue culture technology, Plant tissue culture as a basis for genetic engineering.
DNA markers and application for Breeding: Fingerprinting for assessment of germ plasm, concept of polymorphism, Mapping and breeding populations, Linkage of marker to trait of interest, Marker aided selection for breeding.
Plant genetic transformation- prospects and potential: Current status, Character transformed, techniques for plant transformation such as Agrobacterium mediated and biolistics, Use of constitutive, Tissue specific and stress specific promoters for transformation, Molecular assessment of transgenic status and inheritance of transgenes, Genes silencing, Current status of chloroplast transformation and advantages, Plants as bioreactors and vaccine production system, Biosafety issues, GM-crops.
Discover/Cloning of Plant Genes: Probe based screening, Genomic and proteomic approaches, Map based cloning, transposon tagging, Isolation by T-DNA insertion, Functional characterization by gene mutagenesis/ silencing.
BMB 426: INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
2 Hours/week, 2 Credits
Animal cell culture: Embryo transfer gene transplantation characteristics of cells in culture, culture design and techniques, application of animal cell culture to introduce a particular trait into an animal.
Fermentation technology: Fermenter design and operation, aeration-agitation, temperature-pH control, product extraction, typical industrial fermentation, alcohol, acid and antibiotic production, microbial toxins and insecticides.
Biodegradation: Agro-industrial wastes recycling, hydrocarbon and aromatic transformations, methanotrophic and methanogenic ways of life.
Immobilized cells and enzymes: Immobilized enzymes, processes of immobilization, bioreactor design, applications of immobilized enzymes and whole cells.
Food technology: Food analysis, food processing, food preservation and fermented food.
BMB 427: BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LAB-VI
8 Hours/week, 4 Credits
BMB 428: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY-II
Hours/week, 3 Credits
Ribosome: Structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosome, location of functional sites in the ribosome, protein-RNA interaction, protein-RNA interaction, assembly map, genetics of ribosomal RNA, regulation of the synthesis of ribosome.
Packaging of DNA: Genomes and chromosomes, molecular organization of heterochromatin and euchromatin, nucleosome, molecular organization of centromere and telomere, organization of interrupted genes, structural gene families.
Gene Expression in Eukaryotic System: Organization of eukaryotic DNA, their promoters and control elements, enhancers, eukaryotic transcription process, types and functions of RNA polymerase, regulation of eukaryotic transcription factors, regulatory motifs in genes, cis-regulatory elements, transcriptome, regulation by gene rearrangement (alternative splicing), role of chromosome structure in gene expression, protein binding domains, post-transcriptional modifications (processing).
Epigenetic Mechanism of Gene Regulation: Epigenetic changes (methylation, phosphorylation, acetylation/deacetylation, ubiquitination; octamer sliding, DNA looping and histone substitution), epigenetic alterations in human diseases.
Genetics of Evolution: Molecular evolution of globin gene; genomes of chloroplast and mitochondria, structure and function of organelle genomes and their evolution.
Cytogenetics: Chromosome structure, division and behavior, chromosome changes in structure and number, sex determination and sex linkage gene interaction, quantitative characters, multiple alleles.
Molecular Biology of Development and Differentiation: Development and differentiation process, influence of genes in developmental pathways, genetic analysis of developmental process in model animals and plants.
Books Recommended:
BMB 429: APPLIED IMMUNOLOGY
4 Hours/week, 4 Credits
Development of immune system: Myeloid and lymphoid cells, development of memory B cells.
Cytokines: Functions of cytokines in immune system, cytokine receptors and antagonists.
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC): Production of inbred mouse strains, arrangement of H2 and HLA complexes, genetic map, tissue typing.
Transplantation and rejection: Barriers of transplantation, histocompatibility antigens, laws of transplantation, role of T lymphocytes in graft rejection.
Activation of T and B cells: T cell antigen receptors, antigen recognition, processing and presentation, cell cooperation in the antibody response, role of cytokines in B and T cells activation, cell-mediated immune responses.
Immunogenetics: Ig gene structure and expression, mechanism and regulation of Ig gene assembly, generation of antibody diversity, class switching.
Hypersensitivity:
a) Type I - Immediate hypersensitivity: Historical introduction of Type I hypersensitivity, Immunoglobulin E (IgE), IgE levels in atopic disease, role of T cells in the immune response to inhalant allergens, cytokine regulation of IgE production, characteristics and types of allergens, mast cells and basophils, mast cell triggering mechanisms, mast cell mediators, genetics of allergic disease, skin tests for diagnosis, factors that influence the symptoms of allergic disease, actions of steroids in allergic disease, immunotherapy, new treatments for allergic diseases, the biological role of IgE.
b) Type II - Antibody dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity: Mechanism of damage, reactions against blood cells and platelets, haemolytic disease of the newborn, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, hyperacute graft rejection.
c) Type III - Immune complex mediated hypersensitivity: Types of immune complex disease, inflammatory mechanisms in type III hypersensitivity, experimental models of immune complex disease, persistence of complexes, deposition of complexes in tissues, detection of immune complexes.
d) Type IV - Delayed type hypersensitivity: Contact hypersensitivity, tuberculin-type hypersensitivity, granulomatous hypersensitivity, cellular reactions in type IV hypersensitivity, and diseases manifesting type IV hypersensitivity.
Immunological techniques: Isolation of pure antibodies using affinity chromatography, monoclonal antibody production, application of monoclonal antibodies, assays for complement, isolation of lymphocyte populations and subpopulations, effector cell assays, immunoprecipitation, Immunodiffusion, Immunoelectrophoresis, Immunoblotting, Radioimmuno assay (RIA), Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).
Books Recommended:
BMB 430: VIROLOGY
3 Hours/week, 3 Credits
Major groups of viruses: Bacterial, plant and animal viruses, nomenclature and classification.
Bacterial and plant virus: Bacteriophages, their expression and assembly, TMV, virion structure, infection, mode of replication and assembly.
Animal virus: Classification based on gene expression, studies on virion structure, infectivity, mode of gene expression and virus assembly of representative member of each class (herpes virus, papovavirus, hepatitis virus, picornavirus, vesicular stomatitis virus or rabies virus, recovirus and retrovirus).
Viral replication and pathogenesis: Host range, susceptibility and permissivity of viral infection, initiation of infection (attachment, penetration and uncoating), strategies of viral replication, viral pathogenesis, stages of pathogenesis, transmission of viral infections.
Host-virus interactions: Cytopathic effects, virus interactions with cell uptake mechanisms, with cellular transcription apparatus, with RNA processing pathways, with translational apparatus, with cell DNA replication apparatus, and with cell protein maturation pathways, effect of viruses on cell structure, release of progeny virus.
Protection against viral infection: Immunization with vaccines; and use of antiviral drugs.
Interferon: Chemical nature & classification, induction of interferon synthesis & development of antiviral state by interferon, basis of interferon action, viral interference not mediated by interferon.
Books Recommended:
BMB 431: NEUROCHEMISTRY
3 Hours/week, 3 Credits
Nervous system: Central nervous system (CNS); brain and spinal chord, Peripheral nervous system (PNS) and autonomic nervous system.
Structure of brain:
i) Gross structure and function of the various parts of the brain: Cerebellum, cerebrum, cerebral cortex, brain stem, hypothalamus and hippocampus.
ii) Fine structure: a) Neurons: types of neurons on the basis of structure and functions b) Glial cells: astrocytes, microglia, oligodendroglia and the Schwann cells c) Neuron-Glia relationship: Mechanical, nutritional, immunological and morphological support to neurons and myelination. Physical and molecular events of myelination.
iii) Nerve endings and synapses: a) Chemical synapses, b) Electrical synapses.
iv) The basis of nerve activity: a) Nerve impulse. b) Action potential and its ionic basis.
v) Conduction of nerve impulses: Conduction along unmyelinated fibers, conduction along myelinated fibers, and velocity of nerve conduction.
vi) Neurotransmission: Neurotransmitters, their distribution, metabolism, storage and release, calcium channel, postsynaptic receptors and their interaction with agonists and antagonists, and neuropeptides.
Growth and Development of brain: a) Species and structure differences, b) Role of proteins and lipids during developments, c) Neurogenesis, gliogenesis and synaptogenesis d) Neuronal death.
Biochemistry of memory: Learning and memory (basic mechanisms in vertebrates and invertebrates): Definition, classification, genetic and environmental basis of memory, location of memory, memory consolidation/reconsolidation, synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation, short-term potentiation and their properties, memory and acetylcholine.
Brain diseases: Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s Chorea, Wilson’s Disease and Multiple Sclerosis.
Neurological diseases caused by viruses: Flaccid paralysis, Aseptic meningitis, Encephalitis, post-infectious encephalomyelitis, Subacute-sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), and Spongiform encephalopathies.
Books Recommended:
BMB 432: NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY
3 Hours/week, 3 Credits
Adequate diet: Various components of adequate diet (carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamins and minerals), interrelationship between metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and protein, food and its relation to health.
Carbohydrate: Role of carbohydrate in human nutrition, different forms of starch in food, their changes during food processing and cooking, dietary fibre and its role in health.
Protein: Role of protein in human nutrition, essential amino acids, limiting amino acids, mutual supplementation, nitrogen balance, protein quality and its evaluation, protein requirement.
Fats and oils: Role of fats and oil in human nutrition, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in health, essential fatty acids.
Vitamins: Fat-soluble and water soluble vitamins, co-enzyme activities of vitamins, role of vitamins as antioxidants.
Minerals and trace elements: Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, I, F, Zn, Se and other trace elements, their functions, and deficiency symptoms.
Energy metabolism: Energy requirement and energy expenditure, basal metabolic rate, specific dynamic action of foods, measurement of energy metabolism, respiratory quotient.
Nutritional diseases: Protein energy malnutrition, Kwashiorkor, Marasmus, and their management.
Food and nutritional requirement: For pregnant and lactating mothers, growing children, and elderly person.
Milk and its nutritive value: Mother’s milk vs. cow’s milk.
Therapeutic nutrition: Diet and nutrition in diseases like diabetes, atherosclerosis, obesity, cancer, and liver diseases such as hepatitis, jaundice, liver cirrhosis etc.
Nutritional status: Assessment of nutritional status of population, malnutrition problems of Bangladesh and their possible remedies, nutrition status and growth curve of infants and children.
Books Recommended:
BMB 433: PROJECT
3 Credits