First Year: Semester I

First Year: Semester II

Second Year: Semester I

Second Year: Semester II

Third Year: Semester I

Third Year: Semester II

Fourth Year: Semester I

And any one of the following courses has to be taken on the availability of the teacher & at least 5 students to start a course.

Total = 15+3=18.0

Fourth Year: Semester II

Oral on 1st and 2nd semester courses of different branches of chemistry.

1. Atoms, molecules and ions: Atomic Theory, components of atoms.

2. Electronic Structure: The quantum theory, The atomic spectrum of hydrogen and the Bohr model, Quantum numbers, Energy levels and orbitals, Electronic configuration, Chemical bonding and molecular structure.

3.The periodic Table: Development of the periodic table, Electron arrangements and the periodic table, Summarized chemical properties of s-block, p-block, d-block and f-block elements.

4. Chemical formulas and equations: Types of formulas, Percent composition from formula, Formulas from experiment, Formulas of ionic compounds, Names of compounds, Writing and balancing chemical equations, Mass relations in reactions, Limiting reagent and theoretical yield. Concept of mole, Solution:different concentration units.

5. Acids and Bases: Theories and Modern definition of acids and bases, Dissociation constant, strength, pH, Buffer solution etc.

6. Gaseous State: Measurement on gases, the ideal gas law, Volumes of gases involved in reactions, Gas mixtures, Partial pressure, Kinetic theory of gases, Real gases.

7. Introduction to Chemical Kinetics: Rate laws, rate constant, equilibrium constant, order of reaction etc.. 8. Introductory Electrochemistry, Surface Chemistry and Colloids.

9. Organic Chemistry: Introduction, Classification of Organic compounds, Nomenclature, Synthesis, Physical & Chemical properties and application of (i) Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, (ii) alcohols and amines, (iii) Carbonyl compounds, (iv) Carboxylic acids and their derivatives, (v) Carbohydrates (mono- and disaccharides) etc.

10. Modern Perspective of Chemistry: (a) Fuels e. g. Hydrocarbon, Hydrogen (b) Fertilizer (c) Medicine (d) Electronic Industries e.g. LCD, pure Silicon for IC, Semiconductor, insulator, etching materials etc.

1. S. Z. Haider, Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry.

2. Haque & Nawab, Physical Chemistry

3. R. T. Morrison & R. N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry (6th edition)

4. Raymond Chang, General Chemistry

 

Inorganic qualitative analysis

1. Vogel, Qualitative Inorganic Analysis

1. Atoms, molecules and ions: Atomic Theory, components of atoms.

2.Electronic Structure: The quantum theory, atomic spectrum of hydrogen and the Bohr model, Quantum numbers, Energy levels and orbital, Electronic configuration, Chemical bonding and molecular structure.

3. The periodic Table: Development of the periodic table, Electron arrangements and the periodic table, Summarized chemical properties of s-block, p-block, d-block and f-block elements.

4. Chemical formulas and equations: Types of formulas, Percent composition from formula, Formulas from experiment, Formulas of ionic compounds, Names of compounds, Writing and balancing chemical equations, Mass relations in reactions, Limited reactant and theoretical yield. Concept of mole, Solution: different concentration units . 5.Acids and Bases: Theories and Modern definition of acids and bases, Dissociation constant, strength, pH, Buffer solution etc.

6.Gases: Measurement on gases, the ideal gas law, Volumes of gases involved in reactions, Gas mixtures, Partial pressure, Kinetic theory of gases, Real gases.

7. Introduction to Chemical Kinetics: Rate laws, rate constant, equilibrium constant, order of reaction etc. Introduction Electrochemistry, Surface Chemistry and Colloids.

8. Organic Chemistry: Introduction, Classification, Nomenclatures, and Different classes of organic compounds: (i) Properties (ii) Preparations (iii) Reactions (iv) Uses.

9. Chemistry of Fuels (Hydrocarbon, Hydrogen), Fertilizer, & Medicine.

1. S. Z. Haider, Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry.

2. Haque & Nawab, Physical Chemistry

3. R. T. Morrison & R. N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry (6th edition)

4. Raymond Chang, General Chemistry

 

Experiments will be based on CHE-101 theory class (Inorganic & organic section only)

1. Vogel, Qualitative Inorganic Analysis

2. A.I. Vogel, A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry

3. A.I. Vogel, Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry (Part 1)

4. Vogel, Text book of Quantitative Analysis.

 

1. Electronic Structure: The quantum theory, The atomic spectrum of hydrogen and the Bohr model, Quantum numbers, Energy levels and orbital, Electronic configuration, Chemical bonding and molecular structure.

2. The periodic Table: Electron arrangements and the periodic table, Summarized chemical properties of s-block, p-block, d-block and f-block elements.

3. Acids and Bases: Theories and Modern definition of acids and bases, Dissociation constant, strength, pH, Buffer solution etc.

4. Gaseous State: Measurement on gases, the ideal gas law, Volumes of gases involved in reactions, Gas mixtures, Partial pressure, Real gases.

5. Introduction to Chemical Kinetics: Rate laws, rate constant, order of reaction etc.

6. Introduction to Electrochemistry, Surface Chemistry and Colloids.

7. Chemical Equilibrium: Equilibrium constant K_P, K_C, D S, D G, catalyst.

8. Environmental Chemistry: Environmental aspects of Energy—Traditional, Fossil fuel, Nuclear, Solar etc.;

Transportation-Road/Rail, Sea, Air; Agriculture: Fertilizers, Pesticides, Insecticides; Food : Preservatives, Flavor / Coloring materials; Industry: Building materials, metal industry, detergent, Dye, chemicals related to the agriculture, cement and ceramic industry.

1. S. Z. Haider, Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry.

2. Haque & Nawab, Physical Chemistry

3. R. T. Morrison & R. N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry (6th edition)

4. Raymond Chang, General Chemistry

5. A. K. Dey, Environmental chemistry

6. J. L. Pyle, Chemistry and the technological black lash.

 

Experiments will be based on CHE-101 theory class (Inorganic & organic section only)

1. Vogel, Qualitative Inorganic Analysis

2. A.I. Vogel, A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry

3. A.I. Vogel, Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry (Part 1)

4. Vogel, Textbook of Quantitative Analysis.

 

1.Atoms, molecules and ions: Atomic Theory, components of atoms.

2. Electronic Structure: Quantum theory, atomic spectrum of hydrogen and the Bohr model, Quantum numbers, Concept of Energy levels and atomic orbital, Electronic configuration, Chemical bonding and molecular structure.

3. The periodic Table: Development of the periodic table, Electron arrangements and the periodic table, Summarized chemical properties of s-block, p-block, d-block and f-block elements.

4.Chemical formulas and equations: Types of formulas, Percent composition from formula, Formulas from experiment, Formulas of ionic compounds, Names of compounds, Writing and balancing chemical equations, Mass relations in reactions, Limited reactant and theoretical yield. Concept of mole, Solution: Different concentration units. 5.Acids and Bases: Theories and Modern definition of acids and bases, Dissociation constant, strength, pH, Buffer solution etc.

6. Gaseous state: Measurement on gases, the ideal gas law, Volumes of gases involved in reactions, Gas mixtures, Partial pressure, Kinetic theory of gases, Real gases.

7. Introduction to Chemical Kinetics: Rate laws, rate constant, equilibrium constant, order of reaction etc.

8. Introductory Electrochemistry, Surface Chemistry and Colloids.

9. Organic Chemistry: Introduction, Classification, Nomenclatures and Properties (Physical & Chemical) of (i) Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, (ii) Carbonyl compounds, (iii) Carboxylic acids and (iv) Carbohydrates (mono- and disaccharides).

10.Modern Perspective of Chemistry: (i) Fertilizer and (ii) Medicine.

1. S. Z. Haider, Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry.

2. Haque & Nawab, Physical Chemistry

3. R. T. Morrison & R. N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry (6th edition)

4. Raymond Chang, General Chemistry

 

Experiments will be based on CHE-101 theory class (Inorganic & organic section only)

1. Vogel, Qualitative Inorganic Analysis

2. A.I. Vogel, A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry

3. A.I. Vogel, Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry (Part 1)

4. Vogel, Text book of Quantitative Analysis.

 

1. States of matter:- Solid, liquid and gaseous sate.

2. Atoms and molecules:- Fundamental particles of atoms, Rutherford atomic model, Bohr atomic model, Quantum numbers, Electronic configuration.

3. Chemical Bonding:- Different types of bonding, Hybridization and molecular structure.

4.The periodic table:- Periodic laws, Classification of the element in the periodic table, variation of properties within period and groups.

5. Acids and bases:- Modern concepts of acids and bases. Strength of acids and bases. Concept on oxidation and reduction reactions.

6. Organic chemistry – Functional groups, General chemistry of alkane, alkene and alkyne, (i) structure, (ii) Nomenclature, (iii) Preparations, (iv) Properties, (v) Reactions, (vi) uses.

7.Modern perspective of chemistry: - a) Fuels, b) Fertilizer, c) Medicine, d) Cement, e) Ceramic, f) Glass, g) Polymers.

1.Physical Chemistry Haque & Nawab

2. Introduction of modern Inorganic Chemistry, S. Z. Haider

3.General Chemistry, Raymond Chang

4.General Chemistry, D. Ebbing

5.Organic Chemistry, R. T. Morrison & R. N. Boyd.

 

1. Basic Principle of Physical Chemistry: Concept of elements, compounds and mixtures, Hygroscopic, efflorescent, deliquescent, volatile-nonvolatile, hydrated and anhydrous substances, System & Classification, Macroscopic & microscopic system, Extensive & Intensive properties;

States of aggregation: Solid, liquid, gaseous state; State variables, Standard state & reference state, Nature of

Chemical bonding, Vander Waal’s forces; Adhesive & Cohesive forces, Physical principles involved in Physical and Chemical changes; Transition between different states;

Energy: Different forms, kinetic energy & potential energy, translational, rotational & vibrational & electronic

Energy, Degree of freedom of motion, Equipartition of energy, Quantisation of Energy, Electromagnetic radiation: Nature & different regions,

Fundamental and compounded units; Calculations based on Empirical and Molecular formula, Composition, balanced chemical equation.

2. The Gaseous State: Ideal gas & gas laws, Equation of state, Dulton’s law of partial pressure, Avogadro’s theory, kinetic theory of gases & pressure, kinetic energy calculation, distribution of molecular velocities, collision frequency, density & cross-section, Mean free path, Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular velocities, average velocity, most probable velocity, Molecular interpretation of perfect and real gases, Compression factor & Amagat’s curve; Vander Walls & Virial equations for real gases; Theory of corresponding states; Principle of Liquefaction, Andrew’s Experiment & critical phenomena

3. The Liquid State: Molecular interpretation, Measurement of vapor pressure & it’s variation with temperature; Vaporization, Evaporation & boiling temperature of a liquid & liquid mixture; Surface tension and viscosity, polarity & dielectric constant, dipole moment; Ideal solution, solubility and it’s variation with temperature and pressure, Henry’s law & Roult’s law, Nernst distribution law, Colligative properties and their applications. Concept of ppm, ppb, molarity, molality & mole fraction

4. The Solid State: Molecular interpretation, Crystalline and amorphous solids, Crystal lattice & lattice energy, Unit cell, Elementary idea on Crystal Systems, Solubility of ionic solids and solvation energy

5. Fundamentals of Chemical Equilibrium &Chemical Kinetics: Law of mass action, Equilibrium law equilibrium constant, Relation between Kp, Kc and Kx, Le chaltelier principle,effect of temperature, pressure, concentration and inert gas on K, application of K, Temperature dependence of K. Rate of reaction & measurement, rate constant & order of a reaction, Differential rate equation, Half life of a reaction, Temperature effect on reaction rate, Catalysis etc.

1. Ramsdan, A-Level Chemistry

2. Raymond Chang, General Chemistry

3. P.W. Atkins, Elements of Physical Chemistry

4. P.W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry

5. S. Glasstone, Physical Chemistry

6. Glasstone and Lewis, A Textbook of Physical Chemistry

7. Moore, Physical Chemistry

8. Haque & Nawab, Physical Chemistry

9. Bhal & Tuli, Introduction to Physical Chemistry

 

1. Introduction to Thermodynamics: The Basic Concepts: Systems and surroundings, State and state functions, Equilibrium states and reversibility, Energy, Heat and work. The First Law: Statement and formulation, Derivation of expression for expansion work and its application at different conditions, Heat capacity. Relation between Cp & Cv, Joul-Thomson effect & inversion temperature.

2. Thermochemistry: Extent of reaction, Standard states, Standard enthalpy changes (enthalpy of ionization, enthalpy of neutralization, enthalpy of a reaction, enthalpy of vaporization, Laws of Thermo chemistry etc.), Measurement of enthalpy changes, Enthalpies of formation, Temperature dependence of enthalpies of reaction; Application of first law to different processes of ideal and real gases.

3. The Second and Third Law of Thermodynamics: The Basic Concepts: Spontaneous process, irreversible process, Entropy; The Second Law: Statement of 2nd law, Carnot cycle, Thermodynamic definition and molecular interpretation of entropy, Entropy as state function, Entropy change in reversible & irreversible changes, Clausious inequality calculation of entropy changes accompanying specific processes ( changes of state of aggregation, isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, mixing of two ideal gases, phase transition etc.), Variation of entropy with temperature, Condition for equilibrium, The Gibbs energy and the Helmholtz energy, Properties of the Gibbs energy, Gibbs energy and reversible work; Maxwell relations, Thermodynamic equation of states, Mathematical relationship between different thermodynamic quantities, Fugacity, Clausius-Clapeyron equation, Chemical potential of a substance in pure state and in a mixture, Thermodynamic limitations to energy conversion ( refrigeration and liquefaction, heat pumps, chemical conversion), The Third Law: Statement, Nerst heat theorem, Application of 3rd law: Specific heats of solids.

4. Thermodynamics and Chemical Equilibria: Chemical equilibrium involving ideal and non ideal gases, Chemical in solution, Temperature and pressure dependence of equilibrium constants, Extent of reaction & reaction Gibbs energy, Coupled reactions and converting a non spontaneous reaction to spontaneous

5. Thermodynamics of Solutions: Partial molar quantities, Relation of partial molar quantities to normal thermodynamic properties, Raoult's law, Ideal & non ideal solutions, Colligative properties

1. P. W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry

2. S. Glasstone, Physical Chemistry

3. Maron and Pruton, Principles of Physical Chemistry

4. Raymond Chang, General Chemistry.

 

1. Introduction: Some preliminaries, history and review of the chemistry of early period.

2.Structure of the atom: Fundamental particles, Bohr’s model of the atom, atomic spectra and atomic structure, quantum numbers, electron spin, orbital and orbital energies, Pauli exclusion principle, Hund’s rule, Aufbau principle, electronic configuration of atoms, magnetic properties of atom and ions, ionization potential, electron affinity and electro negativity, sizes of atoms and ions.

3. Periodic table and classification of elements: Periodic law, classification of the elements in the periodic table, variation of properties within periods and groups.

4. Chemical bonding and molecular structure: Definition, types of bonds, ionic bond, covalent bonds, formal charge and Lewis structure, resonance, properties associated with different bond types, valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR), hybridization, preliminary treatment of valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory, molecular orbital diagram of simple molecules.

5. Bond Polarity and electro negativity: Definition, electro negativity scales, ionic character of covalent bond, bond energies.

1. S. Z. Haider, Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry.

2. J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry.

3. Cotton, Wilkinson and Gaus, Basic Inorganic Chemistry.

4. Raymond, Chang General Chemistry.

5. D. Ebbing, General Chemistry.

6. R. D. Madan, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry.

 

Lab includes introduction to different methods of inorganic analysis. e.g., solubility, common ion effect, crystallization.

1. Vogel, Qualitative Inorganic Analysis

1. Acids and bases: Modern concepts of acids and bases, strength of acids and bases, leveling effect, super acids, hard and soft acids and bases, thermodynamic acidity parameters. Periodic trends in aqua acid strength, Chemistry of oxide and hydroxides.

2. Oxidation and reduction reaction: Electronic concept, oxidation state and oxidation numbers, assignment of oxidation numbers, balancing of redox reactions, oxidation-reduction potentials, oxidizing reducing agents, Prediction of redox reaction.

3. Molecular Symmetry: Symmetry operations and elements, symmetry point group, assigning of molecules to point groups, Symmetry of orbitals.

4. Structure and energetics of inorganic solids: Structure types, packing, ionic radii, radius ratio rules, stability of solids, lattice energy, Born-Lande expression, application of lattice energies.

5. Solvents and solutions: Solvent properties, donor and acceptor properties, protic and aprotic solvents, chemistry of some non- aqueous solvents: liquid NH₃, hydrogen fluoride, liquid N₂O₄, BrF₃, anhydrous sulphuric acid.

1. S. Z. Haider, Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry.

2. Cotton, Wilkinson and Gaus, Basic Inorganic Chemistry.

3. J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry.

4. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry

5. James E. Huheey, Inorganic Chemistry

6. Owen and Brooker, A Guide to Inorganic Chemistry.

 

Identification of acidic and basic radicals, reactions of the radicals.

1. Vogel, Qualitative Inorganic Analysis

1. Fundamental of Organic Chemistry: Atomic structure and chemical bonding, Atomic and molecular orbitals, Shape of molecules with special reference to carbon compounds, Hybridization, Polar covalent bonds, Dipole moment, Polar and nonpolar molecules, Resonance, Inductive effect, Electrophiles & Nucleophiles.

Alkanes: Nomenclature, General methods of preparation, Physical and chemical properties, Uses. Cycloalkanes: Monocyclic, Bicyclic and Polycyclic Alkanes.

Alkenes: Structure, Nomenclature, General methods of preparation, Physical and chemical properties, Uses. Alkynes: Structure, Nomenclature, General methods of preparation, Physical and chemical properties, Uses. Acidity of alkynes, Analysis of alkynes.

Dienes: Alkadines and Polyunsaturated hydrocarbon. 1,3-Butadiene: Electron delocalization, stability of conjugated dienes. Electrophilic attack on conjugated dienes: 1,4 addition. The Diels-Alder Reaction: A 1,4-cycloaddition, Reaction of Dienes.

3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Introduction to aromatic compounds, Structure of benzene, Preparations, Properties and uses. Electrophilic aromatic substitution, Orientation on substituted benzene derivatives, Determination of orientation, Friedel Crafts reaction, nitration, sulphonation, and halogenation of arenes.

4. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Synthesis, physical and chemical properties.

5. Alkyl and Aryl Halides: Nomenclature and structure, General methods of preparation, Physical and chemical properties, Uses. Grignard reagent. Introduction to S_N1 and S_N2 mechanism.

1 R. T. Morrison & R. N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry (6th edition)

2 G. Solomon, Organic Chemistry (5th edition)

3. I. L. Finar, Organic Chemistry.

 

1. Introduction to basic laboratory equipment: Glassware and other personal items. Assembly and precaution in using glassware. Cleaning glassware, heating and cooling. Laboratory safety.

2. Melting points and boiling points of Organic compounds: Discussion on melting point and boiling point, Determination of melting point of a solid, Mixed melting points, Identification of typical functional groups in organic compound, Determination of boiling point of a liquid.

3. Recrystallization: Discussion on crystallization, Crystallization theory, Purification of benzoic acid or salicylic acid.

4. Distillation: Simple distillation, Fractional distillation, Steam distillation.

5. Solvent extraction.

6. Synthesis of some simple compounds: acetanilide, aspirin, nitro compounds, paracetamols etc

1. Clark, Experimental Organic Chemsitry

2. A.I. Vogel, A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry

3. A.I. Vogel, Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry (Part 1)

 

1. Alcohol and Phenols: Structure and nomenclature, General methods of preparations including some important industrial methods, Physical and chemical properties. Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.

2. Ether and Epoxides: Structure and nomenclature, Preparation, Williamson synthesis, Industrial source of ether, Physical properties, Reactions of ether, Cleavage by acids. Preparation, reactions and uses of epoxide.

3. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, General methods of preparation of aldehydes and ketones, Reactions of aldehydes and ketones, Reactions of aldehydes and ketones, Nucleophilic addition, Canizzaro reaction, Aldol reactions, The Wittig reaction, Haloform reactions.

4. Carboxylic Acids and their derivatives: Structure, Nomenclature, uses, Preparation, Physical and chemical properties and Synthetic applications.

5. Amines (Aliphatic and Aromatic): Nomenclature, Preparations, reactions and uses of amines.

7. Nitro compounds: Structure, Preparations and Chemistry of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds.

1. R. T. Morrison & R. N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry (6th edition)

2. G. Solomon, Organic Chemistry (5th edition )

3. I. L. Finar, Organic Chemistry (Vol. 1)

 

Oral on 1st and 2nd semester courses of different branches of chemistry.

3 Hours/week, 3 Credits

1. Introduction: Scope of electrochemistry, theories and laws of electrolysis, non-electrolytes and polyelectrolyte. 2. Electrolytic and electronic conduction: Measurement of conductance, molar and equivalent conductance determination, independent law of ionic migration. Application of conductance measurement. Debye Huckel Onsager equation for strong electrolytes, Transport number of ions, concept about activity and activity coefficient of electrolytes Theory of Strong electrolytes. Debye Huckel limiting law, ionic strength, Electrodes: Origin, kinds, reference electrodes, working electrodes, counter electrodes.

3. Electrochemical cell and concentration cell: Electrode potential and emf of a cell. Cell reaction and derivation of Nernst equation. Measurement of emf of a cell. factors affecting electrode potential, rates of electrode potential, different parameters determined by potential measurements (pH, equilibrium constant, activity coefficient, transport number, oxidation state etc.). electrometric titration, Standard oxidation reduction potential, Different types of cell used in practical purpose( Quinhydrone electrode, daniel cell and lead storage battery, hydrogen electrode, standard cell, calomel electrode.) Application of e.m.f. measurement.

4. Introduction to Corrosion: Types of corrosion, prevention of corrosion.

5. Ionic equilibria: Oswald dilution law for weak electrolytes, ionic product of water & concept of pH, common ion effect, Buffer solution, Solubility product principle in chemical analysis, Salt hydrolysis, Acid-base neutralization, Theory of indicators, choice of indicators in acid-base neutralization reaction.

6. Polarization and Overpotential.

7. Electro-chemical measurement used for analytical purpose. Theory of ion selective electrodes: electrode kinetics, Butler-Volmer equation, potential limits current density, b -factor. Principle of Electrophoresis. Electrical double layer: structure, potential layer polarizability of interfaces, voltametry: Principles of DC, AC and pulse polarography, Cyclic voltametry, Determination of Reversibility of some processes, measurement of extent of reactions. Fuel cell, Naral gas , H₂-O₂ etc, Photovoltaic cell and Photocurrent , Gratzel cell.

1. Atkins, Physical Chemistry

2. S. Glasstone and D. Lewis, Introduction to Electrochemistry

3. Robert A. Alberty, Physical Chemistry

4. Landroper, Theoretical Electrochemistry

5. Bokris and Reddy, Advanced Electrochemistry.

 

1. Elementary & Complex reactions: Elementary reaction & molecularity, complex reaction: consecutive reaction, parallel reaction, opposing reaction, steady state & rate determining step approximation, chain reaction.

2Theories of reaction rate: Hard sphere collision theory, Transition state theory for gas phase bimolecular reactions, Eyring equation, thermodynamic formulation of reaction rate, application; Activated complex theory & collision theories for reaction in solution, Diffusion-controlled reaction, effect of dielectric constant & pressure on the rate of reaction in solution, Primary salt effect, Kinetic isotope effect, Unimolecular reaction: Lindemann-Hinshelwood approach, RRK & KRKM approach, Steady State approximation method.

3. Mechanism on the basis of kinetic studies:Thermal decomposion of C₂H₆, CH₃CHO, CH₃COCH₃, O₃, COCl₂, hydrogen-bromine reaction and calculation of activation energy, solid state reaction: Tarnish reaction & Wagner theory, Thermal decomposition: mechanism, Prout-tomkin & Avrami equation, solid-solid reaction, Photographic process. Photochemical reaction,

4. Catalysis: Competitive adsorption and kinetics of surface reactions, Arrhenius & van’t Hoff’s intermediate, Enzyme catalysis: Michaelis-Menten mechanism, Specific & general acid base catalysis, Heterogeneous catalysis: Ellie-Riddeal & Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism, application, absorption isotherms & rate law

5. Elements of Photochemistry: Laws of photochemistry, quantum yield and its significance, Photolysis, Photosensitization, Photo-oxidation, Photoreduction, Photochemistry of molecular O2, anthracene & carbonyl compounds, Chemiluminescence, flourescence & Phosphorescence, Chemical actimeter; construction & application, Solar energy & it’s application, some storage system fuel: hydrogen, application.

1. S. Glasstone, Text book of Physical Chemistry

2. P. W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry

3. K.J. Laidler, Chemical Kinetics

4. K.J. Laidler, Reaction Kinetics

5. Steinfeld, Francisco & Huse, Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics

6. Rajaram & Kuriacore, Kinetics and Mechanism of Chemical Transformation.

7. Eyring, Glasstone & Laidler, Theories of Rate Processes.

8.N. B. Hannay, Solid state chemistry

9. A.K. Galway, Chemistry of Solids.

10. Wayne, Photochemistry: Techniques and application.

11. J.W. Moore & Ralph. G. Pearson, Kinetics & Mechanism: A study of homogeneous chemical reactions.

12. Eyring & Eyring, Modern Chemical Kinetics.

 

8 - 12 experiments on General Physical Chemistry.

1.W. D. Perry, General Chemistry Practical

2. Alexander Findlay & J.A.Kichneir , Practical Physical Chemistry.

 

Titrimetric methods of analysis: Acid-base titration, Complexometric titration, Precipitation titration, Redox titration. Gravimetry and thermogravimetry: gravimetric analysis and calculation.

The practical part will be designed related to the above concept.

1. Vogel, Text book of Quantitative Analysis

1. G. D. Christian, John Wiley & Sons, Analytical chemistry (4th edn.)

2. Braun, Introduction to chemical analysis, McGraw Hill International.

3. Ewing, Instrumental methods of chemical analysis, Mc graw Hill International.

4. Vogel, Inorganic quantitative analysis (4th edn.)

5. Pecsok and Shields, Modern methods of chemical analysis, John Wiley & Sons, (2nd edn.)

6. Willard, Muritt, Dean and Settle, Instrumental methods of analysis, (6th edn.)

7. Skoog & West, Fundamental of analytical chemistry.

8. Fifield & Kealey , Principles & practice of analytical chemistry.

 

Chemistry of group IA(1), group II A (2), group IIIB(13), group IV(14), group VB (15), group VIB(16), group VIIB(17), and group 0(18) elements: Occurrence, preparation, Physical properties(electronic structure, sizes of atoms and ions, density, ionization energy, electronegativity, melting and boiling points, flame colours and spectra, etc.), Chemical properties (chemistry of the elements and their compounds, structures and bonding of the representative elements of each of the above groups).

Transition metals: Definition, periodic classification, features of transition elements and their ions, general features of 1st, 2nd and 3rd row transition elements, redox potential, Lattimer diagram, Frost diagram. Chemistry of group IIIA(3), group IVA(4), group VA(5), group VIA(6), group VIIA(7), group VIIIA (8, 9, 10), group IB(II), and group II B(12) elements. Chemistry of lanthanides: General features, lanthanide contraction, variable valency, magnetic and spectral properties, separation of lanthanides, common lanthanide compounds, comparison of lanthanide ions and transition metal ions. Chemistry of actinides: General features, actinide contraction, occurrence and properties of the elements, general chemistry of actinides, separation of the Actinides, Superactinides.

1. Cotton, Wilkinson and Gaus, Basic Inorganic Chemistry.

2. Cotton and Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry.

3. J. D. Lee Concise, Inorganic Chemistry.

4. J.E. Huheey, Inorganic Chemistry.

5. Shriver, Atkins and Langford, Inorganic Chemistry

6. Douglas, McDaniel and Langford, Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry

 

CHE 236 ADVANCED CHEMICAL BONDING

2 Hours week, 2 Credits

Atomic Structure Based on Quantum Theory: Particle and wave, uncertainty principles, wave and wave equations, the wave equation for electron, the interpretation of Y , the solution of hydrogen atom by Schodinger equation, origin of s, p, and d orbitals and their physical significance.

The Valence bond Method: Introduction, the hydrogen molecule ion, the hydrogen molecule, comparison of valence bond and molecular orbital methods, resonance.

The Molecular Orbital Method: Introduction, the LCAO method, homonuclear diatomic molecules, heteronuclear diatomic molecules.

Application of the principle of chemical bonding - Structure of some inorganic Compounds: BeCl₂, Be₂Cl₄, BeF₄^2-, BeX_4, BCl_3, B₂H_6, B₄H_10, B₅H₁₁, B₃N₃X₆, Al₂Cl_6, C (diamond and graphite), CO₃^-, CO₂, NH₃, NF₃, NO₃^-, N₂O, N₂O₄, PO₄^-, P₄O_6, P₄O₁₀, SO₃, SF₆, ICl₂, ClF₃, BrF₄^-, IF₇, XeF₂, XeO₄ etc.

1. S.Z.Haider, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry.

2. Cotton, Wilkinson and Gaus, Basic Inorganic Chemistry.

3. J.D. Lee, Inorganic Chemistry.

4. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry.

5. J.E. Huheey, Inorganic Chemistry.

6. Donglas, McDaniels and Alexander, Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry.

7. Shriver, Atkins and Langford, Inorganic Chemistry.

 

Alicyclic Compounds: Cycloalkanes and Cycloalkenes, Nomenclatures, Industrial sources, Preparation, Reactions of small ring compounds e.g. cyclopropane and cyclobutane. Brayer strain theory. Conformation: Meaning and physical properties. Factors affecting stability of conformations.

Stereochemistry: Optical isomerism due to asymmetric carbon atoms, Stereoisomerism, Chirality, Optical activity, Specific rotations, Enantiomerism, Diastereoisomerism, Meso compounds, Racemic modification, Nature, Formation, Properties and their resolution, Configurations and their notations. Geometrical isomerism in olefinic compounds, cyclic compounds and in compounds containing C-N bond. Chemistry of the compounds containing C-S and C-P bonds: (a)Organo-Sulfur Compounds: Nomenclature, Physical properties, Preparation and reactions of mercaptans, thioethers, thioaldehydes, thioketone, thioacids, sulphonic acids and their derivatives. (b)Compounds containing C-P Bonds: Basic Structural features, synthesis and reactions. Heterocyclic compounds with one hetero atom: Introduction to heterocyclic compounds, General properties, five membered and six membered rings-structure, sources, synthesis and properties. Synthetic and natural polymers: Introduction to natural and synthetic polymer, Preparation of synthetic polymers (a) Chain reaction polymerization: Free radical polymerization of alkene and diene, Copolymerization, Ionic polymerization, Coordination polymerization (b) Step reaction polymerization, some naturally occuring polymers e.g. rubber, cellulose, starch, wool, silk, etc.

1. Finar, Organic Chemistry (Vol. I & II)

2. Morrison & Boyd, Organic Chemistry

3. Eliel, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds

 

Detection of elements in organic compounds (N, S & X), Determination of solubility. Characterization of hydrocarbons (Saturated and Unsaturated), Characterization of alcohols, Characterization of phenols, Characterization of aldehydes and ketones, Characterization of carboxylic acids, esters, nitro compounds, amines and amides. Synthesis of some simple compounds (Single step). Nitration, Haloform reaction, Acetylation, Diazotization, Sandmeyer reaction, Condensation reaction. Multiple step synthesis.

1. A.I. Vogel, A Text book of Practical Organic Chemistry

2. Clark, Experimental Organic Chemistry

3. Clarke & Haynes, Handbook of Organic Chemistry

4. A.I.Vogel, Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry (Part 2)

 

1. Conformation and reactivity in acyclic compounds and alicyclic compounds (including mono & disubstituted cyclohexane)

2. Stereochemistry of fused ring systems : ( i) Bicyclic systems e.g. Decalin, Decolol (ii) Polycyclic systems e.g. Perhydrophenathrene , Perhydroanthracene .

3. Optical Rotation and optical Rotatory Dispersion : (i) Relation between rotation and configuration, atomic asymmetry, conformational asymmetry. (ii) Optical Rotatory Dispersion : Terminology, Plain curves, Rotary dispersion of ketones. The axial Haloketone Rule. The Octant Rule, Absolute configuration .

The stereoisomerism of Biphenyls, Allenes and related compounds.

1. Morrison & Boyd, Organic Chemistry

2. Streitwieser, Organic Chemistry

3. Joules & Smith, Heterocyclic Chemistry

4. Katrisky, Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry

5. Billimayer, Polymer Chemistry

 

Seminar and Viva.

Assignment of report writing (about 800 words) on topics given in 1st and 2nd semester courses of different branches of chemistry. The assignments will be submitted to respective advisor and evaluated by the examination committee based on 10 minutes presentation by the student.

Introduction to Spectroscopy: Characterization of Electromagnetic radiation. Region of spectrum. Instrumentation in spectroscopy. Representation of spectra. Special peaks. intensities width and resolution. Signal to noise ratio. Microwave Spectroscopy: Rotation of molecules and their classification. Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with rotating molecule. Rotational energies of simple linear molecules. Rotational energy levels and selection rules. Rotational spectra and determination of bond length of diatomic molecules. Rotation of polyatomic molecules. Techniques and instrumentation. Stark and isotope effect. Infrared Spectroscopy: Introduction and principle. Vibration in molecule. Harmonic and inharmonic vibration in diatomic molecules. Vibrational spectra of polyatomic molecules. Vibration- rotation spectra of diatomic molecules. Instrumentation. Raman Spectroscopy: Elementary treatment of Raman spectra; Pure rotational and Vibrational Raman Spectra. Polarization of light and Raman effect. Electronic Absorption Spectrometry: Introduction. Spectra of hydrogen and hydrogen like element. The Zeeman effect. Electronic spectra of diatomic and polyatomic molecules. Diatomic molecular energies in different electronic arrangements. Electronic spectra and molecular structure. Technique and instrumentation UV-VIS spectrometry. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: The energies of nuclei in magnetic fields, The chemical shifts, The fine structure, Pulse techniques in NMR, Electron spin resonance. Solid State and Surface Spectroscopy: Principles of important techniques to investigate surfaces and the solid state (EELS, RAIRS, Raman Spectroscopy, Inelastic Helium Scattering, PES, AES, XRF and EXAFS etc.). Mossbauer Spectroscopy: Basic Principle and Applications.

1. P. K. Atkins, Physical Chemistry

2. G. M. Barrow, Introduction to molecular spectra

3. Banwell, Fundamental of molecular spectroscopy

4. William and Flaeming, Spectroscopic methods in organic Chemistry

5. P.W. Atkins, Spectroscopy

6. C. N. Rao, UV-VIS Spectroscopy

7. L. M. Jackmann, Applications of NMR - spectroscopy

8. Baumann, Absorption spectroscopy

9. Pavia, Spectroscopy in Chemical Analysis

10. K. Nakanishi, Infra red and absorption spectroscopy

11. Silverstein, Bassior & Marril, Spectrometric identification of organic compounds.

 

Phase equilibria: Phase rule and its applications: one component systems like water, sulfur and phosphorus. Two component system: miscible solid-liquid systems of two components with and without compound formation. Binary liquid systems: Duhem-Mergules equation. Distillation of completely miscible liquid mixtures, fractional distillation, Azeotropic mixtures. Phase diagrams for partially miscible liquid systems, salt and water system. Solid-liquid-vapour equilibria in systems such as salt and water; efflorescence and deliquescence, vapour pressure of saturated solutions. Principle of the phase diagram for three component system.

Surface Chemistry: Adsorption: Different types of adsorption isotherms. Theories of Langmuir and other adsorption isotherm for gas-solid system. Adsorption at surface of solution: Gibbs adsorption equation, Surfactants, surface films. Adsorption by solids from solution. Zeta potential and Electrocapillary phenomena.

Colloids: General methods of preparation, classification and general properties of colloids. Electrokinetic phenomena and properties of gels. Colloidal electrolytes. Preparation, types, specific properties and stability of emulsions. Micelles formation and critical micelle concentration, Uses of colloids and emulsions.

1. P.W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry

2. G.M. Barrow, Physical Chemistry

3. Maron and Lando, Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry

4. Glasstone and Lewis, Text book of Physical Chemsitry

5. Jirgensen and Stranmens, Colloid Chemistry

6. A. Findlay, Phase rule

7. S. Glasstone, Physical Chemistry.

8. Adamson, Physical Chemistry of Surfaces

9. Alberty, Physical chemistry.

 

10 - 15 experiments.

Introduction of coordination chemistry: Definition of terms, different types ligands, template effect, naming of the complexes. Stereochemistry of the coordination compounds: Structure and examples of different coordination number, stereochemistry nonrigid and fluxional molecules. Isomerism in coordination compounds: Geometrical isomerism, Optical isomerism, ionization isomerism, linkage isomerism, etc. determination of cis-trans isomers. Bonding of coordination compounds: Werner’s theory, Sidwick’s theory, valence bond theory, limitations of these theories.

Crystal field theory : Basic principle, splitting of d-orbital in octahedral, tetrahedral, tetragonal and square planar symmetries, crystal field stabilization energy, high spin and low spin complexes, pairing energies, factors influencing ligand field splitting, spectrochemical series, measurement of 1ODq, Jahn-Teller effects, limitations of Jahn-Teller theory, magnetic properties, thermodynamic effects, absorption spectra, limitations of CFT. Molecular orbital theory : Basic principle, s -bonding and p -bonding in octahedral, complexes, effects of p -bonding, MOT in tetrahedral and square planar complexes, limitations of MOT, comparison of different approaches to bonding in coordination compounds .

1. S. Z. Haider, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry.

2. James E. Huheey, Inorganic Chemistry.

3. Cotton, Wilkinson and Gaus, Basic Inorganic Chemistry.

4. Shriver, Atkins and langford, Inorganic Chemistry.

5. Douglas. McDaniels and Alexander, Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry.

6. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry.

7. W. L. Jolly, Inorganic Chemistry

 

Introduction: Discovery of radioactivity, statistical approach of radioactivity, radioactive decay and growth, naturally occuring radioactive substance, type of radioactive decay, average and half life of radioactive elements, nuclear structure, mass and energy, nuclear binding energy etc. Nuclear shell model, Nuclear reaction: Nature of nuclear reaction, energetics of nuclear reaction, cross section, theory of nuclear reaction, types of reactions, fission & fusion reaction etc. Radiation detections: Ionization current measurement, ionization chamber; multificative ion-collection, G.M. counter, Scintillation counter; health physics instruments. Radio isotopes and their uses: Production and separation of radio isotopes, the Szilard - Chalmers reaction, isotope dilution analysis, activation analysis, tracer technique for reaction kinetics and for industrial, agricultural and medical uses. Nuclear energy: Nuclear fuels, outline different types of nuclear reactors, fuel reprocessing etc. Introduction to radiation hazards and safety measures.

1. Navratil, O, etal, Nuclear Chemistry

2. Friedleander and Kennedy, Nuclear and Radiochemistry.

3. Choppin, Nuclear and Radioactivity

4. Williams, Principles of nuclear Chemistry.

5. L. Yaffe, Nuclear Chemistry Vol. I & II

6. Harvey, Introduction to Nuclear Physics and Chemistry.

 

Introduction : Historical developments in organometallic chemistry, Demarcation and classification of Organometallic compounds .

Organometallic chemistry of transition metal: 18 electron rule and classification of ligands.

Metal -Carbon sigma bonds : Metal carbonyl, nitosyl and phosphine complexes- Synthesis, structure, bonding and reactivity. Metal alkyl complexes : Structure and Stability; Synthesis and reactivity

Metal -Carbon pi bonds :

Metal alkene complexes Structure and bonding, Synthesis and .reactivity

Metal-alkyne complexes : Synthesis, bonding and reactivity .

c) Metallocenes : Synthesis ,bonding and reactivity with special emphasis on Ferrocene. .

Organometallic chemistry of main group elements : Energy, Parity and Reactivity of M-C bonds, Stability of M-C bonds, Thermodynamic and kinetic stability, Methods for the preparation of main group organometallics: Oxidative addition, Reductive elimination , Exchange reaction and Insertion reaction.

Alkali Metal Organometallics : Structure and Bonding, Reaction of Organolithium compounds.

Organomagnesium, Organoaluminium, organotin and organosilicon compounds : Preparations and their applications in synthetic chemistry.

Organometallic Catalysis : General principles of Catalysis, Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis, Catalytic Steps.

a) Catalytic reactions and the 16/18 VE rule. b) Arylation /Vinylation of olefins (Heck Reaction). c) Alkene metathesis d) Oligomerization and Polymerization. e) Olefin oxidation (Waker Process). f) Hydrogenation of Alkenes g) Hydroformylation (Oxo Reaction. h) Methanol Carbonylation

Metal -metal bonds and cluster : Formation and criteria of metal-metal bond cluster, Electron count, Structure and isolobal analogies, Di-nuclear clusters, Tri-nuclear clusters, Tetra-nuclear clusters, Penta-nuclear and higher nuclear clusters, Systematic cluster synthesis.

1. S. Z. Haider, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry

2. Cotton, Wilkinson and Gaus, Basic Inorganic Chemistry

3. Cotton and Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry

4. James E. Huheey, Inorganic Chemistry

5. Douglas, McDaniels and Alexander, Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry

6. W. L. Jolly, Inorganic Chemistry

7. P. Poweell, Principles of Organometallic Chemistry

8.M. Bochmann, Organometallics 1, Oxford university press ,1994

9. M. Bochmann, Organometallics 2, Oxford university press,1994

10. Ch. Elschenbroich, A. Salzer ,Organometallics ; A concise introduction, VCH, 1992

11. D.F. Schriver, P.W. Atkins, C.H. Langford , Inorganic chemistry, OUP, 1994

 

Synthesis and characterization of some common coordination and organometallic compounds.

1. G. Pass and H. Sutcliffe, Practical Inorganic chemistry

2. Robert J. Angelici, Synthesis and Technique in Inorganic Chemistry

 

Methods of determining reaction mechanisms : Meaning of reaction mechanism, Energy profile, Identification of products, Possible intermediates and their trapping, Isotopic labelling, Stereochemical studies, Detection of intermediates. Kinetic study.

Substitution reactions: Nucleophilic substitution reaction in aliphatic system, duality of mechanism. S_N1 and S_N2 reaction mechanism, factors affecting the mechanism of substitution reaction. Aromatic substitution both nucleophilic and electrophilic, Stereochemistry. Neighbouring group participation

Addition reactions: Mechanism of addition to > C = C< , > C = O bonds, conjugated system like conjugative diene and conjugated unsaturated carbonyl compounds, their stereochemistry, Kinetics. Diels-Alder reaction, Grignard reagents. Canizzaro reaction.

Elimination reactions: Elimination -inlight of addition and substitution; E1, E2 and E1CB mechanisms. Orientation in elimination reactions, SYN elimination, Competition between elimination and substitution, Factors affecting the elimination reaction.

Carbonions and enolisations: Ionisation of CH bonds and prototrophy. Tautomerism: Halogenation of Ketones. Reimer- Tiemann reaction. Kneovengel reaction. Aldol reactions, Perkin reaction. Benzoin condensation, Wittig reaction, Micheal aand Mannich reactions with all mechanistic details.

Oxidation and Reduction reactions: Oppenhamer, Meerwein-Pondoff-Varley reduction, Clemension & Wolf-kishner reduction reaction.

1. Morrison and Boyd, Organic Chemistry.

2. Solomons, Organic Chemistry.

3. Peter Sykes, Reaction mechanism in Organic Chemistry.

 

Detection of elements in organic compounds (N, S & X), Determination of solubility. Characterization of hydrocarbons (Saturated and Unsaturated), Characterization of alcohols, Characterization of phenols, Characterization of aldehydes and ketones, Characterization of carboxylic acids, esters, nitro compounds, amines and amides.

Detection of unknown organic compounds.

Introduction to natural products: Studies on some classes of natural products: Terpenoids:- The essential oils. Classification of terpenoids, isoprene rule, isolation and purification, general methods of determining the structure of terpenoids. Detailed study of some