First Year: Semester I

First Year: Semester II

Second Year: Semester I

Second Year: Semester II

Third Year: Semester I

Third Year: Semester II

Fourth Year: Semester I

* All students shall take PHY 421, PHY 422, and PHY 423. Thesis Group students will take the course PHY 425A. Thesis work is initiated in this semester. One who intend to do thesis, will start. Students will take any two optional courses from the sixth row.

Fourth Year: Semester II

Students who took PHY 425A in the previous semester should take PHY 425B in this semester. General group students will take the Physics Lab course PHY 426. Students will take two optional courses from the 4^th row in the table below, but corresponding to the course of the previous semester.

Mechanics: Different co-ordinate systems; projectile motion; Newton’s laws of motion; friction; conservation theorems (momentum and energy); collisions; rotational motion; angular momentum and torque; moment of inertia; parallel and perpendicular axes theorems; central forces and gravitation; gravitational potential; escape velocity, Kepler’s laws. Properties of matter: Hooke’s law; elastic modulli and their inter-relations; bending of beams, cantilever; surface tension; capillarity; concepts of fluid flow; Bernoulli’s equation and its applications; viscosity; Poiseuille’s equation. Waves: Simple harmonic motion; simple and compound pendulum; travelling waves; interference; stationary waves; vibrations in strings; sound; beats; Doppler effect.

1. Halliday, D. and Resnick, R.: Physics (Part I)

2. Mathur, D.S.: Elements of Properties of Matter

3. Puri, S.P. : Fundamentals of Vibrations and Waves

Mechanics: Different co-ordinate systems; projectile motion; Newton’s laws of motion; friction; conservation theorems (momentum and energy); collisions; rotational motion; angular momentum and torque; moment of inertia; parallel and perpendicular axes theorems; central forces and gravitation; gravitational potential; escape velocity, Kepler’s laws. Properties of matter: Hooke’s law; elastic modulli and their inter-relations; bending of beams, cantilever; surface tension; capillarity; concepts of fluid flow; Bernoulli’s equation and its applications; viscosity; Poiseuille’s equation.

1. Halliday, D. and Resnick, R.: Physics (Part I)

2. Mathur, D.S.: Elements of Properties of Matter

Structure of Matter: Classification of solids, amorphous, crystalline. Different type of bonds of solids, metallic, Van der Waals, covalent and ionic bond, packing in solids, interatomic distances and forces of equilibrium, X-ray diffraction, Bragg’s law. Waves and Oscillation: Simple harmonic motion, free, forced and damped harmonic oscillation, resonance. Optics: Nature and propagation of light, electromagnetic spectrum, interference, Young’s experiment, single slit diffraction. Heat: Concept of temperature and heat, principle of thermometry, constant volume air thermometers, Newton’s law of cooling. Electromagnetism: Coulomb’s law, electric field, electric potential, electric dipole, Ohm’s law, Kirchhoff’s laws with applications, Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws, Biot-Savart law, magnetic force on charge and current, Ampere’s law, alternating voltage and current and their graphical representation, rms values.

1. Halliday, D. and Resnick, R. : Physics (Vol. I )

2. Puri, S. P. : Fundamentals of Vibrations and Waves

3. Saha and Srivastava: A Treatise of Heat

4. Beiser, A. : Perspective of Modern Physics

5. Sears, Zemansky and Young, University Physics

6. Puri, S.P. : Fundamentals of Vibrations and Waves

Same as PHY 122.

Mechanics: Motion in two dimensions; projectile motion; Newton’s laws of motion; conservation theorems (momentum and energy); collisions; circular motion; rotational dynamics of rigid bodies; central forces and gravitation; Kepler’s laws. Waves: Simple harmonic motion; damped and forced vibrations; waves in elastic media; sound waves; Doppler effect; Fourier’s theorem and its applications. Heat and thermodynamics: Principles of thermometry; measurement of high and low temperature; zeroeth law of thermodynamics, kinetic theory of ideal gas; first and second laws of thermodynamics; entropy; black body radiation. Wein’s law and Planck’s law.

1. Halliday, D. and Resnick, R. : Physics (Vol. I )

2. Puri, S. P. : Fundamentals of Vibrations and Waves

3. Saha and Srivastava: A Treatise of Heat

 

Same as PHY 122.

Structure of matter: Classification of solids; amorphous, crystalline, ceramics and polymers. Atomic arrangements in solids. Lattices, basis and crystal structure, unit cell, different types of crystal systems, packing in solids, packing fraction of sc, bcc, fcc and hcp lattices. X-ray diffraction, Bragg's law. Plasticity and elasticity. Distinction between metal, insulator and semiconductor. Oscillation: Simple harmonic motion, free, forced and damped harmonic oscillation; resonance. Optics: Interference of light, Young’s double slit experiment, Michelson interferometer. Modern Physics: Radioactive decay, half-life and mean-life, radioactive dating, special theory of relativity, Postulates, Lorentz transformation, time dilation and length contraction.

1. Beiser, A. : Perspective of Modern Physics

2. Sears, Zemansky and Young, University Physics

3. Puri, S.P. : Fundamentals of Vibrations and Waves

4. Jenkins and White : Fundamentals of Optics

 

Structure of matter: Classification of solids; amorphous, crystalline, ceramics and polymers. Atomic arrangements in solids. Lattices, basis and crystal structure, unit cell, different types of crystal systems, packing in solids, packing fraction of sc, bcc, fcc and hcp lattices. X-ray diffraction, Bragg's law. Plasticity and elasticity. Distinction between metal, insulator and semiconductor. Sound Waves and Vibration: Simple harmonic motion, Audible, ultrasonic and infrasonic waves; propagation and velocity of longitudinal waves in gaseous medium; superposition principle; Lissajous figure; Sound waves, Doppler effect. Reflection of sound waves; refraction of sound waves; interference and diffraction of sound waves; beats.

1. Beiser, A. : Perspective of Modern Physics

2. Sears, Zemansky and Young, University Physics

3. Puri, S.P. : Fundamentals of Vibrations and Waves

 

Electromagnetism: Different electrical units; Coulomb’s law; electric field; electric potential and potential function; Gauss’s law and its applications; electric dipole; Ohm’s law; Kirchhoff's laws with applications. Faradays and Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction; self and mutual induction; Biot-Savart law; magnetic force on charge and current. Ampere’s law; Maxwell’s equations, alternating voltage and current and their graphical representation; rms value of a current; ac voltage and ac current applied to circuits containing resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Modern Physics: Atomic models; Bohr’s atom; atomic spectra; photoelectric effect; Compton effect; X-rays; Bragg’s law. atomic nucleus; nuclear forces; radioactivity; de Broglie wave; uncertainty principle.

1. Halliday, D. and Resnick, R. : Physics (Vol. I & II)

2. Saha, M. N. and Srivastava, A Treatise on Heat.

3. Zemansky, Heat and Thermodynamics

4. Kip, A. : Fundamentals of Electricity and Magnetism

5. Beiser, A.: Concepts of Modern Physics

 

Heat: Humidity, vapour pressure, temperature related humidity, transmission of heat: Conduction: Conductivity, rectilinear flow of heat, determination of thermo-conductivity of good and bad conductors, heat flow through compound walls; Convection: free and forced convection, domestic and industrial applications. Ventilation; Radiation: different laws of radiation, black body radiation, radiation from surfaces, solar radiation. Sound: simple harmonic motion: equation of simple harmonic motion, energy of simple harmonic oscillator, damped oscillation, forced oscillation; characteristics of mechanical waves, equation of traveling wave, energy, stationary waves, beats, physical qualities of sound, reflection, transmission and intensity of sound waves, variation of sound intensity with distance, units of sound intensity, decibel and other units. Doppler principle, building acoustics. Light: Illumination and photometry, luminous intensity, their measurement and units, phosphorescence, fluorescence, discharge lamps, theories of light, interference, Young’s double slit interference, determination of thickness of a film, diffraction, diffraction due to a single slit, polarization, intensity of polarized light, defects of images, optical instruments. Modern Physics: Atomic structure, special theory of relativity, mass-energy equation, time dilation, radioactivity.

1. Halliday and Resnick : Physics I and II

2. Brijlal : Heat and Thermodynamics

3. Brijlal : A text book of sound

4. Brijlal : Optics

5. Beiser: Perspectives of modern physics

 

This course is designed to give an understanding of basics of Physics and Astronomy. The topics in Physics include: Units of measurement: FPS system; CGS system; MKS system. Fundamental of Mechanics: Vectors, forces; kinematics, conservation laws, gravitation; Sound; Light: diffraction and interference; electric fields, potentials, magnetic fields; atomic and nuclear physics. Topics in Astronomy include: Structure of the universe and solar system; space probes and satellites; birth and death of stars, neutron stars, meteors, asteroids, comets, quasars and galaxies; the black hole and cosmological theories.

Will be given by the concerned teacher.

Particle Dynamics : Kinematics in one and two dimensions; force and Newton’s Laws; friction; work and energy; conservation of energy, projectile motion; circular motion; centre of mass; conservation of linear momentum; collisions. Rotational Dynamics: Rotational kinematics; kinetic energy of rotation, rotational inertia and its calculation for solids; parallel axes theorem; rotational dynamics of rigid bodies; symmetrical top; conservation of angular momentum; equilibrium of rigid bodies. Oscillation: Simple harmonic motion ; the physical pendulum; damped harmonic motion; forced oscillation, Central Force and Gravitation: Gravitational attraction; potential and field; field equation; escape velocity; motion of planets and satellites; Kepler’s Laws.

1. Halliday, D. Resnick, R. and Krane :Physics (Vol. I & II)

2. Symon : Mechanics.

3. Francis W. Sears, Mark W. Zemansky. : University Physics.

 

50% of the following experiments.

1. Weighing by the method of oscillation.

2. Determination of moment of inertia of a flywheel.

3. Determination of "g" by and moment of inertia of a compound pendulum.

4. Determination of Young’s Modulus by the method of bending.

5. Determination of Rigidity Modulus by Static method.

6. Determination of Rigidity Modulus by dynamical method.

7. Using a flat spiral spring:

a) Verification of Hooke’s Law and determination of stiffness constant;

b) Determination of "g" and the effective mass of the spring;

c) Determination of modulus of rigidity of the material of the spring.

8. Determination of elastic constants of the material of a wire by Searle’s method.

9. Determination of the surface tension and angle of contact of mercury by Quincke’s method.

10. Determination of the surface tension of water by capillary rise method (r-1/h) curve is to be plotted.

11. Determination of the frequency of a fork by Melde’s method (L-T graph to be plotted for both

longitudinal and transverse arrangements).

12. Determination of specific heat of a solid with radiation correction.

13. Determination of thermal conductivity of a bad conducting solid by Lee’s method.

14. Determination of specific heat of a liquid by the method of cooling.

15. Determination of galvanometer resistance by half deflection method.

16. Determination of specific resistance of a wire by Wheatstone’s bridge (with end correction).

17. Measurement of high resistance.

18. Measurement of low resistance by the method of fall of potential.

19. Determination of the figure of merit of a galvanometer (calculated current versus deflection is to be

plotted).

20. Determination of internal resistance of a coil by a potentiometer (I-R graph is to be plotted).

21. Determination of temperature coefficient of resistance of a copper coil.

22. Investigation of the relation between the current passing through a tungsten and a carbon filament lamp

and the potential applied across it.

23. Calculation of the cost of operation of an electrical appliance.

1. Worsnop, B.L. and Flint, H.T. : Advanced Practical Physics

2. Chowdhury, S. A. and Basak, A. K. : Byaboharik Padartha Bidya

3. Ahmed, G. and Uddin, M.S. : Practical Physics

 

 

The experiments not completed in PHY 122 A should be completed in this course.

3 Hours/week, 3 Credits

Elasticity: Elastic Modulli of isotropic solid and their interrelations; cantilever. Fluid Mechanics: (a) Surface Tension: Molecular forces; surface energy; pressure on a curved membrane, soap bubble; measurement of surface tension and angle of contact; capillary ascent; theory of ripples. (b) Fluid Dynamics: Concept of fluid flow: streamline flow: Bernoulli’s equation, equation of continuity and their applications. (c) Viscosity: Critical velocity; Poiseulli’s equation .Waves in Elastic Media: Differential equations for wave on strings; travelling and standing waves; Fourier’s theorem and its applications. Sound Waves: Audible, ultrasonic and infrasonic waves; propagation and speed of longitudinal waves; superposition principle; Lissajous figure; Doppler effect; Reflection of sound waves; refraction of sound waves; interference and diffraction of sound waves; beats.

1. Halliday, D. and Resnick, R. : Physics (Vol. I )

2. French, A. B. : Vibrations and Waves.

3. Sears.: Heat and Thermodynamics.

4. Main.: Vibrations.

5. Puri, S.B. : Fundamentals of Vibration

 

System of Units: Different electrical units. Electrostatics: Coulomb’s law; electric field, electric potential and potential function; Gauss’s Law and its applications; electric dipole and quadrupole; electric field in dielectric media; permittivity; capacitance; Laplace’s and Poisson’s equations. Electric Current: Current density; Ohm’s Law; Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications; Magnetic Fields and Interactions: Magnetic force on charge and current; magnetic effects of current; Biot-Savart law and its applications; Ampere’s law; Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws; self and mutual induction - solenoids; growth and decay of current in the LC, CR and LCR circuits; Alternating Current: Power and power equations; L, C and R in ac circuits; vector diagram and use of complex quantities; polar representations of ac circuits; resonant and antiresonant circuits; Q-factors; transformers. Filters: constant k-type low pass, high pass, band pass filter.

1. Halliday, D. and Resnick, R. : Physics ( Vol. II)

2. Kip, A. : Fundamentals of Electricity and Magnetism

3. Halliday, D. and Resnick, R. : Fundamentals of Physics

4. Theraja, B. L. : A Text Book of Electrical Technology

5. Sears : Electricity and Magnetism

6. Griffith: Introduction to Electrodynamics

 

Heat: Heat and temperature; principles of thermometry, gas thermometers, resistance thermometers, thermocouples and temperature scale; Newton’s law of cooling; kinetic theory of ideal gas; microscopic model of an ideal gas and different gas laws; equipartition of energy. Thermodynamics: First law of thermodynamics; isothermal and adiabatic changes; second law of thermodynamics; reversible and irreversible processes; Carnot’s cycle; absolute scale of temperature; entropy and change of entropy in reversible and irreversible processes; entropy of a perfect gas; thermodynamic potentials, Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations; black body radiation; Planck’s law and deduction of Wein’s Law and Rayleigh-Jean’s law from it. Optics: Nature and propagation of light, electromagnetic spectrum, interference, Young’s experiment; Michelson interferometer; Newton’s rings.

1. Halliday, D. and Resnick, R.: Physics (Vol. I & II)

2. Jenkins and White,: Fundamentals of Optics

3. Hossain, T. : A text book of Heat

4. Brijlal , Heat and Thermodynamics

5. Zemansky, Heat and Thermodynamics

 

Experiments on Heat, Thermodynamics and Optics.

Electromagnetism: Different electrical units; Coulomb’s law; electric field; electric potential and potential function; Gauss’s law and its applications; electric dipole; Ohm’s law; Kirchhoff's laws with applications. Faraday’s and Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction; self and mutual induction; Biot-Savart law; magnetic force on charge and current. Ampere’s law; alternating voltage and current and their graphical representation; rms values; ac voltage and ac current applied to circuits containing resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Modern Physics: Photoelectric effect; Compton effect; de Broglie waves; uncertainty principle; atomic models; atomic spectra; nucleons; nuclear size; binding energy; radioactive decays.

1. Resnick and Halliday: Physics ( Vol. II)

2. Kip, A. : Fundamentals of Electricity and Magnetism

3. Beiser, A. : Perspectives of Modern Physics 

 

Same as PHY 222

Optics: Nature and propagation of light, interference of light, Young’s experiment, Newton’s ring. Michelson Interferometer. Diffraction: Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction, diffraction grating. Polarisation of light, optical activity, polarimetry. Electromagnetism: Different electrical units; Coulomb’s law; electric field; Gauss’s law and its applications; electric potential and potential energy; capacitance, dielectrics and Gauss’s Law, three electric vectors, energy storage in an electric field. magnetic field and field strength; magnetic forces on a current; torque on a current loop; Hall effect; Ampere’s Law; Biot-Savart Law and their applications. Faraday’s Law of induction; Lenz’s Law; time-varying magnetic field; inductance; energy in magnetic field. Maxwell’s equations; EM energy; Poynting Vector; Scalar and vector potentials; the wave equations. Plane EM waves in non-conducting media; waves in conducting media; boundary conditions; reflection and refraction at boundaries of two non-conducting media; total internal reflections. Modern Physics: Atomic models; Bohr’s atom; atomic spectra; photoelectric effect; X-rays; Bragg’s law. atomic nucleus; nuclear forces; radioactivity; de Broglie wave; uncertainty principle.

1. Halliday, D. and Resnick, R.: Physics (Vol. II)

2. Lipson, S. G. and Lipson, H.: Light

3. Jenkins, F.A. and White, H.A.: Fundamentals of Optics

4. Griffith, D.J.: Introduction to Electrodynamics

6. Beiser, A.: Concepts of Modern Physics

 

Mechanics: Motion in two dimensions, projectile and circular motion. Work, conservation of energy, centre of mass, conservation of linear momentum, angular momentum and its conservation. Simple harmonic motion, Kepler’s laws. Thermodynamics: The zeroeth law, principles of thermometry, the first law, Carnot’s cycle, the second law, Carnot’s theorem, the absolute scale of temperature, entropy. Optics: Nature of light, interference of light, Young’s double slit experiment, Newton’s rings. Properties of Matter: Elasticity, elastic modulii and their inter-relations, cantilever. surface tension: molecular forces, surface energy, capillary rise. Viscosity: critical velocity, Poiseulli’s equation. Modern Physics: Radioactive decay, half and mean life, radioactive dating. Special theory of relativity: postulates, Lorentz transformation, time dilation and length contraction. Concepts of Quantum Theory: Classical determinism and the uncertainty principle, two slit experiment and wave particle duality.

1. Halliday, D. and Resnick, R.: Physics (Vol. II)

2. Jenkins, F.A. and White, H.A.: Fundamentals of Optics

3 .Beiser, A.: Concepts of Modern Physics

 

Molecular design of life: Biochemistry and genomic revolution, the chemical component of cell, from single cell to multi cellular organism, DNA, RNA and flow of genetic information, Exploring genes, Method of replication, Mechanism of protein synthesis, Energy currency of cell, Structure of Macromolecules: Atomic and molecular forces, behavior of macromolecules, physical techniques for structure determination (X-ray diffraction, spectroscopy, and NMR). Properties of protein and forces: Protein folding, mechanical properties, Elastic properties of protein and DNA, Electrical and magnetic properties of proteins, Rigidity of actin filaments and microtubules, Elastic, viscous, electrostatic thermal and collision forces which act on the protein in cell. Mechanics of motor proteins. Different kinds of microscope: Bright field microscope, Fluorescence microscope, Electron microscope.

1. Howard, J. : Mechanics of molecular motors

2. Michel Daune: Molecular Biophysics

3. Berg, J.M. : Biochemistry

4. Michael P. Sheetz : Laser Tweezers in Cell Biology

5. Mielczarek, E.V.: Biological Physics

 

Equation of State: Microscopic model of an ideal gas and gas laws; real gases ; Van der Waal’s equation; critical constants; concept of pressure and temperature in kinetic theory; mean free path; molecular collisions and transport phenomena; limitations of kinetic theory. Zeroeth law of thermodynamics: Concept of temperature and the ideal gas temperature scale. The first law of thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible transformations; definition of heat; Carnot's cycle, refrigeration. The second law of thermodynamics: Carnot’s theorem; absolute scale of temperature; Clausius theorem; Entropy-- entropy changes in reversible and irreversible processes; entropy of an ideal gas. Applications of thermodynamics: Thermodynamic potential, Maxwell’s relations; Joule expansion, Joule-Kelvin expansion, liquefaction of gases, relations between thermal coefficients; equilibrium conditions, Clausius-Clapeyron’s equation; Gibb’s phase rule; The third law of thermodynamics: Applications.

1. Adkins, C.J. : Equilibrium Thermodynamics.

2. Zemansky, M.W. : Heat and Thermodynamics

 

50% of the following experiments.

1. Experiments on collision in two dimensions.

2. Determination of coefficient of linear expansion of metal.

3. Density of water at different temperatures and coefficient of expansion of water by Mathissen’s

bulb method.

4. Surface tension of a liquid by the method of ripples.

5. Surface tension of a liquid by the Jaeger’s method.

6. Variation of viscosity of water with temperature.

7. Measurement of coefficient of expansion of air by constant pressure air thermometer.

8. Determination of the ratio of the specific heats of a gas by Clement and Desorme’s apparatus.

9. Determination of "J" by Callendar and Barnes’s apparatus (with radiation correction).

10. Experiment on thermal conductivity.

11. Calibration of an ammeter.

12. Preparation of one-Ohm coil.

13. Determination of refractive indices of thick and thin prisms.

14. Determination of refractive indices of transparent solid and liquid by total internal reflection method.

15. Determination of E.C.E. of silver/copper.

16. Determination of wavelength of light by Newton’s ring.

17. Determination of wavelength of light by diffraction through a single slit.

18. Determination of wavelength of light by biprism.

19. Determination of specific rotation by polarimeter.

20. Calibration of spectrometer.

21. Determination of wavelength by plane diffraction grating.

Books Recommended:

1. Worsnop, B.L. and Flint, H.T. : Advanced Practical Physics

2. Chowdhury, S. A. and Basak, A. K. : Byaboharik Padartha Bidya

3. Ahmed, G. and Uddin, M.S. : Practical Physics

The experiments not completed in PHY 222 A should be completed in this course.

Nature and propagation of light: Light and electromagnetic spectrum; speed of light; Doppler Effect. Plane Waves and Plane Surfaces: Huygen’s principle; Fermat’s principle. Interference: Two-beam interferometry--Young’s experiments; Michelson interferometer; multiple-beam interferometry-- thin film; interference from multiple reflections; Newton’s rings. Diffraction: Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction; diffraction--single slit; double slit; multiple-slit diffraction phenomena; diffraction gratings; crystal diffraction--Bragg’s Law. Holography: Fresnel diffraction; production of holograms; applications of holography. Polarisation and Optical Activity: Polarisation by reflection and refraction, plane, circular and elliptical polarisation--production and detection; double refraction; Nicol prism, optical rotation-- polarimetry, Fresnel’s theory of optical rotation.

1. Lipson, S.G. and Lipson, H.: Light

2. Jenkins, F. A. and White, H.A.: Fundamentals of Optics

3. Halliday, D. and Resnick, R.: Physics (Vol. II)

 

Lagrangian Formulation: Generalised coordinates; constraints; degrees of freedom; D'Alamberts principle; Lagrange’s equation from D'Alambert principle; variational principle; Lagrange's equation from Hamilton's principle; applications of Lagrange’s equation. Motion under a central force: Two body central force problem --reduction to equivalent one-body problem; equations of orbits; scattering problem and laboratory co-ordinates. Rigid bodies: Kinematics and dynamics of rigid bodies; degrees of freedom; matrix representation of rotations; Euler’s angles; force-free motion; Euler’s equation of motion; symmetric top. Hamilton's equations of motion: Legendre transformation and Hamilton equations; conservation theorem; derivation from variational principle; principle of least action and its applications. Canonical Transformations: Equations of canonical transformation; integral invariance of Poincare, Lagrange and Poisson brackets. Hamilton-Jacobi Theory : The Hamilton – Jacobi Equation for Hamilton’s Principal Function, The Harmonic Oscillator problem as an example of the Hamiltom-Jacobi method.

1. Goldstein, G.: Classical Mechanics

2. Symon, K. R.: Mechanics

3. Spiegel, M. R.: Theoretical Mechanics

4. Wells, D.A. : Lagrangian Dynamics

5. Resnick, R.: Introduction to Special Relativity

 

Shortcomings of Classical Theory, Quantization of Energy: Energy quantization and its implication on heat capacities of matter; Quantization of harmonic oscillator energy; Black-body radiation and Planck’s distribution; Photon and its properties; Quantization of Atomic Energy: The combination principle, The Bohr model of atom; Matter waves: The de Broglie relations; group velocity of a wave packet; Schrodinger Equation: Single particle wave equation, ground state of hydrogen atom; one dimensional simple harmonic oscillator; Probability Interpretation: Probability distribution in position; conservation of probability; collapse of the wave function; Momentum: Short review of Fourier transform; momentum measurement by time of flight; momentum wave function; Uncertainty principle; Expectation Values: Expectation values of position and momentum of a particle.

1. P.J.E. Peebles: Quantum Mechanics

2. P.T. Mathews: Quantum Mechanics

3. Powell and Crasemann: Quantum Mechanics

 

Thermal radiation: Black body radiation, Kirchoff’s law, Stefan-Boltzmann laws, Wein’s law, Rayleigh-Jean’s law and Planck’s law. Classical Statistical Mechanics : Phase space; average properties of an assembly; Boltzmann probability distribution; Maxwell velocity distribution, Equipartition of energy; Entropy and disorder. Quantum statistical mechanics: Schrodinger equation; Free particle in a box; Volume of a state in phase space; quantum indistinguishability and the uncertainty principle; Bose-Einstein distribution, Photon gas, Derivation of Planck’s radiation law ; Fermi-Dirac distribution; Electron gas in metal and electronic specific heat.

1. Mandl, F.: Statistical Mechanics

2. Reif, F. : Fundamental of Statistical and Thermal Physics

 

Electromagnetic Field Equation: Maxwell’s equations; E.M. energy--Poynting vector; scalar and vector potentials; Gauge transformation; the wave equations. Propagation of E.M. Waves: Plane waves in non- conducting media; waves in conducting media; reflection and refraction at boundaries of two non conducting media; boundary conditions; total internal reflections. Propagation of E.M. Waves in Bounded Region: Propagation between parallel conducting plates; wave guides (rectangular). Radiation from an Accelerated Charge: Dipole radiation, the Lienard and Wiechart potentials; field of charge in uniform motion; fields of an accelerated charge; radiation at low velocities. Scattering and Dispersion: Scattering by individual free electron; scattering by a bound electron; absorption of radiation by an oscillator; Rayleigh scattering;

1. Reitz, J.R. and Milford, F.J.: Foundation of Electromagnetic Theory

2. Corson, D.R. and Lorrain, P.: Introduction to Electromagnetic Field & Waves

3. Jackson, J.D.: Electrodynamics

4. Griffiths, D.J.,: Classical Electrodynamics

 

9 Hours/week, 4.5 Credits

(50% of the following experiments)

1. a) Practice of technical drawing.

b) Cutting of metal to a definite size and shape.

c) Filing.

d) Drilling.

e) Taping.

f) Turning and thread cutting using lathe machine.

2. Determination of dispersive power of a prism and a grating.

3. Determination of Cauchy’s constants and hence determination of resolving power of a prism.

4. Determination of resolving power of a grating.

5. Determination of Rydberg constant using a spectrometer.

6. Determination of wave length of light and separation of D1 and D2 lines by Michelson interferometer.

7. Determination of delta and boiling point of a liquid by a platinum resistance thermometer.

8. Calibration of thermocouple.

9. Calibration of electromagnet by an exploring coil.

10. Determination of self-inductance by any suitable method.

11. Determination of ballistic constant of a moving coil type galvanometer.

12. Determination of mutual inductance by direct throw method.

13. Determination of absolute capacity of a condenser.

14. Charging and discharging of capacitors and study of their various characteristics.

15. Determination of e/m of an electron.

16. Determination of ionization potential by Frank-Hertz experiment.

17. Construction of a transistor radio receiver.

18. Construction of a transistor radio transmitter.

19. Study of variation of reactance due to L and C with frequency.

20. Determination of resonance in LRC circuit with

a) L and C in series and b) L and C in parallel.

21. Calibration of a cathode ray tube for both AC and DC sources.

22. Vector representation of voltage in a circuit containing L, C and R.

23. Measurement of

i) an unknown frequency and ii) phase angle between two AC sources using cathode ray tube.

24. Study of the characteristics of a p-n junction and a Zener diode.

25. Determination of a transistor characteristics in common emitter configuration and Determination of

hybrid parameters.

26. Construction of a full wave Bridge rectifier using semiconducting diodes and study of the effect of filters.

1. Worsnop, B.L. and Flint, H.T. : Advanced Practical Physics

2. Chowdhury, S. A. and Basak, A. K. : Byaboharik Padartha Bidya

3. Ahmed, G. and Uddin, M.S. : Practical Physics

 

The experiments not completed in PHY 322 A should be completed in this course.

The two slit experiments; Measurements and observable; Commutation of observations; linear operators; Eigenvalue equations. Complementary Principle; Physical postulates of Quantum mechanics; Wave function and its interpretation; probability density and probability current density, Eigenstates; Orthonormality of eigenstates; Principle of superposition; Probability amplitudes and overlap integrals; Wave packets and uncertainty principle, Ehrenfest’s theorem. Correspondence Principle; The Schrodinger wave equation and one dimensional potential problems -- particle in a potential box, potential step, tunneling through potential barrier, rectangular potential well; Linear harmonic oscillator; Angular momentum: Orbital angular momentum; Rotation operator, Spherical harmonics, Spin angular momentum; Three dimensional Schrodinger equation for spherically symmetric potentials: Solution of the Schrodinger equation for Hydrogen atom.

1. Matthews, P.T.: Introduction to Quantum Mechanics

2. Schiff, L.I.: Quantum Mechanics

3. Powell, J.L. and Crasemann, B.: Quantum Mechanics

4. Harun ar Rashid, A.M.: Quantum Mechanics

5. Merzbacher, E.: Quantum Mechanics

6. Feynman Lectures, Vol.3, Chapters 1-3

7. Griffith: Introduction to Quantum Mechanics

8. Bransden and Joachain: Quantum Mechanics

 

The Atom: Atomic models; Rutherford nuclear model of atom; atomic spectra; the Bohr model and the structure of atoms; atomic excitation; the Frank - Hertz experiment; the correspondence principle; correction for nuclear motion; hydrogen-like atoms. The Particle Property of Waves: The photoelectric effect -- Einstein’s photoelectric equation and its experimental verification; Production and intensities of X-rays; Bremsstrahlung; Continuous and characteristic X-rays; X-ray absorption; Moseley’s law; Compton effect. The Wave Nature of Particles: Wave particle duality; de Broglie waves; Experimental verification of particle waves; Wave and group velocities. The Quantum Theory of Hydrogen Atom: Use of Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom -- total, orbital and magnetic quantum numbers; The hydrogen spectral lines. Electron Spin and Complex Atoms: Spin angular momentum; The periodic table; Stern-Gerlach experiment; Spin-orbit interaction -- fine structure; Total angular momentum of atoms; Zeeman effect. Molecular Physics: Molecular spectra; Raman effect; Rotational and vibrational energy levels of diatomic molecules.

1. Beiser, A. : Concepts of Modern Physics

2. Beiser, A. : Perspectives of Modern Physics

3. Enge, Wehr and Richards : Physics of the Atom

4. Ohanian : Modern Physics

 

Principle of Relativity: Galilean relativity and Newtonian mechanics; Michelson-Morely experiment; Postulates of the special theory of relativity; Lorentz transformations; Length contraction and time dilation; Proper time; Transformation of velocities; Twin paradox; Space-Time and four vectors; Relativistic Mechanics: The principle of least action; Relativistic Lagrangian; Energy and momentum; Decay of particles; Invariant cross-section; Elastic collisions of particles; Four-tensor of angular momentum; Four-potential of electromagnetic field. Particle in Gravitational Field: The principle of equivalence; Gravitational field in relativistic mechanics; Curvilinear coordinates; Distance and time intervals in general relativity; Covariant differentiation; Motion of a particle in a gravitational field; The constant gravitational field; The Gravitational Field Equations: The curvature tensor; The Einstein equations.

1. L.D. Landau & E.M. Lifshitz : Classical Theory of Fields

2. A.P. French: Special Relativity

3. S. Weinberg: Gravitation

4. S. Chandrasekhar: Mathematical Theory of Black Holes

 

Circuit Analysis: Network theorems - Thevenin’s theorem, superposition theorem, maximum power transfer theorem; equivalence of T, Pi, star and delta conversion lattice networks; wave filters: low pass, high pass, band pass. Semiconductor Diodes: p-n junctions; volt-ampere characteristics and rectifier equation; light emitting diodes; Zener diode; voltage regulators. Transistors: Junction Transistors: p-n-p and n-p-n transistors -- principle of operation, current components, alpha and beta parameters; transistor basic configurations; static characteristics; active, saturation and cutoff regions; Transistor model: transistor as four terminal network, r_e–model, h−model; Field Effect Transistors: FET structure; FET characteristics; FET parameters and equivalent circuits; Method of channel formation in MOSFET; Threshold voltage; MOSFET characteristics; Parameters and equivalent circuits. Transistor Biasing: Load line and operating points; Stabilisation of operating point; Fixed bias circuit; (emitter bas, voltage divider bias circuit); Transistor Amplifiers: Transistor DC Amplifiers: CB, CE and CC amplifiers and their equivalent circuits in h-parameter; Current, voltage and power gains; Transistor AC amplifiers: Classification of amplifiers. Analysis of RC coupled and transformer coupled amplifiers; Power amplifiers; Push pull amplifiers. Feedback Amplifiers: Current feedback and voltage feedback amplifiers; Oscillator and condition of sustained oscillation; RC oscillator; Phase-shift oscillator; Weinbridge oscillator.

1. Millman, J. and Halkias, C.C.: Electronic Devices and Circuits

2. Allen Mottershead,: Electronic Devices and Circuits

3. Jacob Millman,: Vacuum Tube and Semiconductor Electronics

4. Brophy, J.J.: Basic Electronics for Scientist

5. Boylestad and Nashlesky: Electronic devices and Circuit theory

6. Shrader, R.L.: Electronics Communication

 

The Nucleus: Rutherford atom and atomic nucleus; Nuclear size; Packing fraction and binding energy and semi-empirical mass formula; separation energy, Nuclear force (introduction). Radioactivity: Radioactive decay laws, Carbon dating; Half life and mean life; Secular and transient equilibrium; Radioactive series; Alpha, Beta and Gamma Emission: Theory of alpha decay (semi classical ) and its experimental verification; Beta decay and its energy measurement; Conservation of energy and momentum in beta decays; Neutrino hypothesis; Orbital electron capture. Positron emission; Gamma radiation; Mean lives for gamma emission; Internal conversion. Interaction of charged particles and radiation with matter: Ionisation; Multiple scattering; Stopping power; Energy loss of electrons and other charged particles; Positronium; Pair production and annihilation;. Nuclear Reaction - Different types of reaction; The energies of nuclear reaction; Cross section; Nuclear Detectors: Ionisation chambers; Proportional counter; Geiger - Muller counter. Particle Accelerators: Linear accelerator; Cyclotron; Synchrotron. Nuclear Fission and Fusion: Fission process; Energy release in Fission; Chain reaction; Nuclear fusion; Elementary Particles: Introduction to elementary particles.

1. Evans, R.D.: The Atomic Nucleus

2. Burcham, W.E.: Nuclear Physics

3. Halliday, D.: Introductory Nuclear Physics

4. Kaplan, I.: Nuclear Physics

5. Meyerhoff : Nuclear Physics

6. Islam and Islam: Nucleo Padartha Bidya

 

Review of Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl of Vectors. Integral theorem: Green's theorem, Stoke's theorem and Divergence theorem. Complex variable: Definition of general rules, Geometric aspects of complex variables, Cauchy-Riemann equations and Cauchy's theorem, Contour integral(Residue theorem). Special Functions: Fourier and Laplace's transform, Dirac delta function and its properties, Legendre and associated Legendre function and spherical harmonics with application in atomic physics, Hermite polynomials with application to quantum oscillator, Laguerre and associated Laguerre polynomials, Green's function, Hypergeometric function with application, Bessel functions.

1. Pipes,: Mathematical Physics for Physicists and Engineers

2. Gupta, B.D.,: Mathematical Physics

3. Margenau and Murphy,: Mathematical Physics

4. Rajput,: Mathematical Physics

5. Luke, Y.L.,: The special functions of Mathematics for Engineers

6. Spiegel, : Schaum Series, Vector Analysis

7. Haque, B.: Vectors

8. Arfken & Weber: Mathematical Methods for Physicists

 

Crystals: Classification of materials, crystals, amorphous, polycrystals, liquid crystals. Lattice translation vectors and lattices, Unit cell, Bravis lattices, Different types of crystal systems, Representation of crystal planes: Miller indices, Symmetry elements, symmetry groups, Point group, and space group. Different crystal structures, packing fraction. X-Ray diffraction: Bragg’s law, Laue equations, geometrical structure factor, atomic scattering factor, Reciprocal lattices, Reciprocal lattice vectors, Brilloin zones, Ewald construction, diffraction conditions, Bonding Mechanisms: Ionic, covalent, molecular, hydrogen bonded crystals; Lattice energy of ionic crystals; Theories of lattice specific heat : Classical theory of heat capacity, Einstein’s theory and Debye approximation. Free Electron Theory: Energy levels and density of states; Fermi Dirac distribution; Fermi energy; Heat capacity of free electron gas; Electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity of metals; Wiedemann-Franz law. Band theory of Solids: Formation of energy bands in crystal; Bloch theorem, Kronig-Penney Model, Dispersion relation in extended and reduced zone scheme, Nearly free electron model, Tight binding approximation, Metals, semiconductors and insulators in terms of energy gaps. Fermi energy, Carrier effective masses, Hall effect. Theory of Semiconductors: Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, Impurity states of semiconductors, Free carrier concentrations semiconductors, Fermi level and carrier concentrations in semiconductors, Effect of impurity levels, Mobility of charge carriers.

1. Kittel, C.: Introduction to Solid State Physics

2. Beiser, A.: Perspectives of Modern Physics

3. Dekker, A.J.: Solid State Physics

4. Omar, M.A. : Elementary Solid State Physics

5. Blakemore, J.S. : Solid State Physics

6. Singhal, R. A.: Solid State Physics

7. Ashcroft and Marmin: Solid State Physics

8. Grove, A.S.: Physics of Semiconductor Devices

 

Matrix formulation of quantum mechanics: State vectors in Hilbert space; bra and ket notations; operators and their representation; transformation theory; Schrodinger, Heisenberg, and Dirac representations. Theory of angular momentum: Angular momentum operators and their commutation relations; eigenvalues and eigenvectors of angular momentum operators; parity operation on the angular momentum vectors; addition of angular momenta; Clebsch-Gordon coefficients; Pauli’s exclusion principle and spin matrices. Theory of scattering : Two-body systems; scattering by spherically symmetric potentials; partial- wave analysis; Born approximation and its applications. Approximate methods: Stationary perturbation theory; time dependent perturbation theory; variational method; WKB approximation. Identical particle : Symmetric and antisymmetric wave functions; exclusion principle; spin and statistics; spin matrices; scattering of identical particles. Relativistic wave equations : Klein-Gordon and Dirac’s relativistic wave equations; solution of free particle equations; negative energy states and hole theory.

1. Schiff, L. I.: Quantum Mechanics

2. Mathews, P. M. & Vankatesan, K.: Text book of Quantum Mechanics

3. Dicke, K. H. & Whittke, J. P.: Introduction to Quantum Mechanics

4. Greiner, W.: Quantum Mechanics -an Introduction

5. Messiah, A.: Quantum Mechanics Vol I and Vol II

6. Harun ar Rashid, A. M.: Quantum Mechanics

7. Dirac, P. A. M.: Principles of Quantum Mechanics

8. Brink & Satchler ,: Angular Momentum

9. Sherwin, C. W.: Quantum Mechanics

10. Ziock, C.: Basic Quantum Mechanics

11. Wu, T.Y. : Quantum Mechanics

12. Rose, E.M. : Angular Momentum

13. Sakurai, J.J. Quantum Mechanics

14. Powell, J.L. and Craseman, B. : Quantum Mechanics

 

Electronics:

1. Low voltage regulated power supply -- Zener diode regulation and simple transistor, variable output stability with load variations.

2. FET and MOSFET characteristics.

3. Experiments on operational amplifier.

4. Transistor amplifiers : (a) emitter follower (b) RC coupled amplifier and feedback effect.

5. Transistor oscillator-phase-shift and Weinbridge.

6. Transistor pulse generator and pulse shaper :

(a) A stable multi vibrator (b) Schmidt trigger (c) mono stable multi vibrator.

7. computer electronics :

(a) OR, AND, NAND, NOR, EX-OR and EX-NOR operations (hardware connections) and universal gate

operation.

(b) FF operation, RS, JK, D, Master-Slave.

(c) FF as counter operation, Asynchronous counter, Ripple and self-stopping counter.

(d) Register operation : parallel and series.

(e) Half adder and full adder circuits.

Nuclear & Particle Physics:

8. Determination of the plateau and operating voltage of a Gieger-Muller counter.

9. Determination of the resolving time of a GM counter by the double-source method.

10. Determination of the efficiency of a GM tube for beta counting.

11. Verification of Inverse square law for gamma rays and comparison of source intensities.

12. Study of the absorption of gamma rays by matter; determination of absorption coefficient.

13. Determination of the maximum energy of beta particles emitted from a source and to estimate the

thickness of an unknown foil.

14. Study of the back scattering of beta particles and to determine the effect of atomic number of the back

scattering materials on back scattering.

15. Investigation of the statistics of radioactive measurements.

16. Determination of the half-life of a radioisotope using a mCi Ra -Be neutron source.

17. Thermal neutron flux determination using Indium foil activation method.

Solid State Physics:

18. Measurement of magnetic susceptibility of aluminium and plastic rods.

19. Measurement of dielectric constant of a liquid by standing wave.

20. Calibration of a cathode ray tube for both AC and DC sources.

21. Measurement of Hall constant and Hall angle.

22. Determination of energy gap parameter of a solid sample.

23. Study of (i) conductivity, (ii) electron drift velocity, (iii) mobility and (iv) temperature coefficient of

resistivity of some solid samples.

24. Measurement of drift mobility of charge carrier in a semiconductor.

1. Millman & Taub Pulse and Digital Circuits.

Digital electronics; Numbers: (a) Decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal binary coded decimal; Logic operation: NOT, OR, NOR, AND, NAND, EX-OR operation; Combinational logic operation; Parity generator; Laws of Boolean algebra; De-Morgan’s theorem; Sum of product; Product of sum; k-maps, Multiplexer; demultiplexer; decoder; encoder; half-adder; full-adder; adder-subtracter. Logic circuits: DTL, TTL,CMOS, ECL. Flip-flops, registers & counters: R-S, D-type, Edge-triggered, J-K and J-K master slave flip-flops; serial and parallel shift registers; Synchronous and asynchronous counters; Up & down counters; Mod-3 and Mod-5 counters, decade counters. Memory: Matrix addressing, typical memory cell. Digital Computer: Basic computer system; microcomputer; microprocessor – Intel 8085. Pulse circuit: Pulse characteristics, RC differentiators & intregrators, Astable, Monostable and bistable multivibrators and Schimitt trigger.

1. Millman and Taub : Pulse, Digital and Switching Waveforms

2. Taub and Schilling : Digital Integrated Electronics

3. Bartee, T.: Digital Computer Fundamentals

4. Malvino and Leach : Digital Principles and Applications

5. Gothman , W. H.: Digital Electronics,: An Introduction to Theory and Practice

6. Maurice Mano: Digital Design

 

Remaining experiments of PHY 422 or thesis on any of the above fields in Semester VII and Semester VIII

Relativistic wave equations: Special relativity and space-time; contravariant and covariant vectors; Lorentz transformations; Klein-Gordon equation; Dirac equation; covariance of the Dirac equation; free particle solution of the Dirac equation. Quantization of the Electromagnetic Field: Particles and fields; the electromagnetic field in the absence of charges; harmonic oscillator; the quantized radiation field; photons; angular momentum and parity of the photon. Langrangian Field Theory: Classical Langrangian field theory; quantized Langrangian field theory; symmetries and conversation laws; C, P, T invariance. The Klein –Gordan Field : The real Klein-Gordon field, the complex Klein-Gordon field; covariant commutation relation; the meson propagator. The Dirac Field : The number representation for fermions; The Dirac equation; second quantization; the fermion propagator; interaction of fermions with electromagnetic field; gauge invariance. The Electro-weak theory : Elementary particles and their symmetries; spontaneous symmetry breaking; the Higgs mechanism; the Weinberg-Salam theory.

1. Mandl, F. and Shaw, G. : Quantum Field Theory

2. Guidry, M.: Gauge Field Theories

3. Landau, L. D. and Lifshitz, E. M.: Quantum Electrodynamics

4. Feynman, R. P.: Quantum Electrodynamics

5. Harun ar Rashid, A. M.: Glashow Salam Weinberg Theory

6. Paul Roman: Advanced Quantum Theory

 

Nuclear reactions by neutrons : neutron cross section; energy dependence of neutron cross- section; fission cross-sections. Diffusion and slowing down of neutron : thermal neutron diffusion; diffusion length and diffusion equations; fast neutron diffusion and Fermi age equation; energy distribution and cross -section of thermal neutron; slowing down of neutron - transport mean free path and scattering cross-section; critical equation and reaction buckling. Reactor theory: the steady state; multiplication factor; four factor formula; neutron leakage and critical size; calculation of k for homogeneous reactors; Classification of reactors; Research reactors; various types of research reactors, Power Reactors; Various types of power reactors and breeder reactors; heterogeneous reactor; calculation of k for heterogeneous reactors .

1. Lamarsh , J. R,: Introduction to Nuclear Engineering

2. Lamarsh, J. R,: Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory

3. Glasstone, S. and Sesonske, A.: Nuclear reactor Engineering

4. Murray, R.L.: Introduction to Reactor Physics

5. Liverhant,: Fundamental Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Physics

 

The Non-linear Optical Susceptibility: Introduction to Non-linear Optics; Description of non-linear optical interactions; Formal definition of non-linear susceptibility; Non-linear susceptibility of a classical anharmonic oscillator; Wave-Equation Description of Non-linear Optical Interactions: The wave equation for non-linear optical media; the coupled wave-equations for sum-frequency generation; The Manley-Rowe relations; Sum-frequency generation; Difference-frequency generation and parametric amplification; Second-harmonic generation; Phase- matching considerations; The Intensity Dependent Refractive Index: Description of the intensity-dependent refractive index; Non-linearities due to molecular orientation.

1. Boyd, R.W.: Non-linear optics.

2. Butcher, P.N. and Cotter, D.: The Elements of Non-linear Optics.

3. Shen, Y.R.: The Principles of Non-linear Optics.

4. Newell, A.C. and Moloney, J.V.: Non-linear Optics.

5. Guenther, R.: Modern Optics.

6. Bloembergen, N.: Non-linear Optics.

7. Baldwin, G.C.: An Introduction to Non-linear Optics.

 

Detection of nuclear radiation: (a) detection of charged particles; nuclear interaction with matter; bubble chamber; photographic emulsion, spark chamber; scintillation detectors; Cerenkov detector; p.m. tubes; semiconductor detector; track etch detector; thermoluminescent dosimeter; (b) neutral particle detection; neutron detection; detector based on boron reaction; time of flight technique; proton recoil telescope; neutron detection by activation foils. Detector efficiencies: standardisation of radioactive sources; calibration of detectors; absolute counting; source geometry; source absorption; air and window effects; source dilution; measurement of very short and very long half lives.

1. Knoll, G.F.: Radiation Detection and Measurements

2. Price, W.J.: Nuclear Radiation Detection

3. Fremlin, J.H.: Application of Nuclear Physics

4. Cameroon, J.R.: Medical Physics

5. Barnes, D.E.: Radiation Hazards

6. Putman, A.: Isotopes

7. Segre, E.: Experimental Nuclear Physics ( vol.1-3)

 

Ultra Sound Imaging: Nature, production and detection of ultra sounds; A-scan, B-scan, M-scan; clinical applications. Other Imaging Techniques: Rectilinear scanner; gamma camera; CAT scanner, CT scanner, clinical applications. Audiology, Hearing aids. Vascular Measurements: Blood pressure; blood flows; blood velocity. Cardiac Measurements: ECG; ECG planes; Einthovens triangle; elementary ideas of heart disorder, pace maker. Neuromuscular Measurements: EEG, EMG, stimulation of neural tissue; nerve conduction measurements. Bioelectrical Amplifiers, Patient safety. Radiation and Health : Radiopharmaceuticals, radiotherapy; radiation protection; radiation dosimetry.

1. Cameron J.R. and Skofronic,: Medical Physics

2. Cember, H.: Introduction to Health Physics

3. Brown, B.H. and Smallwood,: Medical Physics and Physiological Measurements

 

The Solar System: The planets; meteorites and their compositions; cosmic ray exposures of meteorites; the Poynting-Robertson effect; compositions of terrestrial planets. Rotation and the Figure of the Earth: Figure of the earth; precession of the equinoxes; the Chandler wobble, tidal friction and the history of the Earth-Moon system, fluctuation in rotation and the excitation of the wobble. The Gravity Field: Gravity as gradient of the geopotential; the satellite geoid; crystal structure and the principle of isotasy; earth tides. Seismology and the Internal Structure of the Earth: seismicity of the earth; elastic waves and seismic rays; travel time and velocity depth curves for body waves; internal density and composition; free oscillation. Geomagnetism: The magnetism of the earth; fundamental equations; measurement of the magnetic field; the method of Gauss; saturation induction magnetometers; the proton precision magnetometers; alkali vapour magnetometers; introduction to magnetometers. The Earth’s Internal Heat: The geothermal flux; thermal conduction in the mantle; temperature in the interior of the earth; energy source for the geomagnetic dynamo. Radioactivity and the Age of the Earth: The pre-radioactivity age problem; radioactive elements and the principle of radiometric dating; growth of continents and atmospheric argon; age of the earth and the meteorites; dating the nuclear synthesis.

1. Stacey, F.D.: Physics of the earth

2. Garland G.D.: Introduction to Geophysics – Mantle core and crust

3. Grant, F.S. and West, G.F.: Interpretation Theory in Applied Geophysics

4. Parasnis, D.S.: Principles of Applied Geophysics

5. Dobrin, M.B., Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting

6. Telford, E.M., Geldart, L.P., Sheriff, R.E. and Keys, D.E.: Applied Geophysics

 

3 Hours/week, 3 Credits [A sound basis on any of the Computer languages ForTran77/ForTran90/C⁺⁺ is the prerequisite for this Course.]

Introduction: Physics and Computational Physics; Overview of use of computer computation in Classical and Quantum Physics: Introduction to computer algorithms and languages. Basic numerical methods: Interpolations and approximations; Differentiation and integration; Zeroes and extremes of a single-variable function; Classical scattering; Iterative procedures for special functions; Discretization; Numerical quadrature; Random number generators. Numerical methods for matrices: Basic Matrix operations; Linear Equation systems; Zeroes and extremes of a multivariable function; Eigenvalue problem; The Faddev-Leverrier method. The Lanczos algorithm and the many-body problem; Random matrix. Ordinary differential equations: Initial-value problems; The Euler and Picard methods; The Runge-Kutta method; Boundary-value and eigenvalue problems; Linear equations and Sturn-Liouville problems; The one dimensional Schrödinger equation; Numerov’s algorithm for the radial Schrodinger equation.

Tao Pang,: An Introduction to Computational Physics.

Thijssen, I.M.: Computational Physics

Harvey Gould and Jan Tobochnik : An introduction to Computer Simulation Methods part 1 and 2,

Wolfram, S. : The Mathematica Book

 

Molecular design of life: Biochemistry and genomic revolution, the chemical component of cell, from single cell to multi cellular organism, DNA, RNA and flow of genetic information, Exploring genes, Method of replication, Mechanism of protein synthesis, Energy currency of cell, Structure of Macromolecules: Atomic and molecular forces, behavior of macromolecules, physical techniques for structure determination (X-ray diffraction, spectroscopy, and NMR). Properties of protein and forces: Protein folding, mechanical properties, Elastic properties of protein and DNA, Electrical and magnetic properties of proteins, Rigidity of actin filaments and microtubules, Elastic, viscous, electrostatic thermal and collision forces which act on the protein in