*Students have to choose any two of the courses.

Fourth Year: Semester II

[Students who had enrolled for SOC 400A have to complete their senior project by completing SOC 400B]

* Students who has enrolled for SOC 400B have to choose any two of the courses and students who has not enrolled for SOC 400B have to choose any three of the courses.]

What is Sociology? Nature and scope of sociology: Origin and development of sociology as a separate discipline, relationship between sociology and other social and natural sciences, problems of objectivity in sociology. Sociological Perspectives: Sociology and commonsense, Sociological imaginations, Functionalist, conflict and inter-actionist perspectives in sociology. Doing Sociology: Scientific method and techniques for sociological investigation. Primary concepts: Society, Community, Association, Institution, Culture: Components of culture; Norms, values, folkways, mores, cultural traits and complexes, Cultural unity and diversity. Culture and Civilization: Material and non-material Culture, Acculturation, Cultural Diffusion. Types of Society: From early hunting gathering to industrial development and globalization. Social Process: Socialization: Agents of Socialization, Early development of infant, Cooperation, Competition and Conflict. Social Institutions: Family, Marriage and kinship, Property, Religion, Economy and Political Institutions, Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives of institutions. Social Structure: Components of Social Structure, Theories of Social Structure.; Social Inequality and Stratification and class structure; Systems of Stratification, Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives of Stratification, social mobility. Population and Environment: Population Growth, Ecological Balance, Ecosystem, threats to global environment, The Environment: A sociological issue. Social Change: Change and its factors, Differences with progress, evolution and development, theories of social change. Social Problems: Nature of social problems, social disorganization, deviant behavior. Collective Movement: Group, Crowd and Mob.

R.T. Schaefer and R.P. Lamm, Introducing Sociology

M.S. Bassis, R.J. Gelles and Levine, Sociology

Ian Robertson, Sociology

Anthony Giddens, Sociology

Vander Zanden, Sociology: The Core

 

Alex Inkels, What is Sociology

Pascal Gisbert, Introduction to Sociology

E.C. Cuff, W. Sharrock and D.W. Francis, Perspectives in Sociology

Micheal P. Robbins, Organizational Behavior

T.B. Bottomore, Sociology: A guide to problems and literature

J.E. Goldthorpe, Sociology of the Third World

J.E. Goldthrope, An Introduction to Sociology

Metta Spencer, Foundation of Modern Sociology

P.B. Horton and C.L. Hunt, Sociology

G. Lenski, J. Lenski and P. Nolan, Human Societies

E.W. Steward and J.A. Glynn, Introduction to Sociology

F.R. Scarpitti and M.L. Andersen, Social Problems

G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment

Samuel Koenig, Sociology

Nazmul Karim, Samajbighan Samikhan

What is Sociology? Nature and scope of sociology: Origin and development of sociology as a separate discipline, relationship between sociology and other social and natural sciences. Sociological Perspectives: Functionalist, conflict and inter-actionist perspectives in sociology. Doing Sociology: Scientific method and techniques for sociological investigation. Primary concepts: Society, Community, Association, Institution, Culture: Components of culture; Norms, values, folkways, mores, Cultural unity and diversity. Types of Society: From early hunting gathering to industrial development and globalization. Social Process: Socialization: Agents of Socialization, Early development of infant, Social Institutions: Family, Marriage and kinship, Religion, Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives of institutions. Social Stratification and class structure: Systems of Stratification, Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives of Stratification, social mobility, Population and Environment: Population Growth, Ecological Balance, Ecosystem, Threats to global environment, The environment: A sociological issue. Social Change: Change and its factors, theories of social change. Social Problems: Nature of social problems, social disorganization and deviant behavior. Collective Movement: Group, Crowd and Mob.

R.T. Schaefer and R.P. Lamm, Introducing Sociology

M.S. Bassis, R.J. Gelles and Levine, Sociology

Ian Robertson, Sociology

Anthony Giddens, Sociology

Vander Zanden, Sociology: The Core

 

Alex Inkels, What is Sociology

Pascal Gisbert, Introduction to Sociology

E.C. Cuff, W. Sharrock and D.W. Francis, Perspectives in Sociology

Micheal P. Robbins, Organizational Behavior

T.B. Bottomore, Sociology: A guide to problems and literature

J.E. Goldthrope, An Introduction to Sociology

Metta Spencer, Foundation of Modern Sociology

P.B. Horton and C.L. Hunt, Sociology

G. Lenski, J. Lenski and P. Nolan, Human Societies

E.W. Steward and J.A. Glynn, Introduction to Sociology

F.R. Scarpitti and M.L. Andersen, Social Problems

G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment

Samuel Koenig, Sociology

Nazmul Karim, Samajbighan Samikhan

What is Sociology? Nature and scope of sociology: Origin and development of sociology as a separate discipline Doing Sociology: Scientific method and techniques for sociological investigation. Primary concepts: Society, Community, Association, Institution, Culture; Components of culture; Norms, values, folkways, mores, Cultural unity and diversity, Types of Society: From early hunting gathering to industrial development and globalization. Social Institutions: Family, Religion, Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives of institutions. Social Stratification and class structure: Systems of Stratification, Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives of Stratification, social mobility, Population and Environment: Population Growth, Ecological Balance, Ecosystem, Threats to global environment, The environment: A sociological issue. Social Change: Change and its factors, theories of social change. Collective Movement: Group, Crowd and Mob.

R.T. Schaefer and R.P. Lamm, Introducing Sociology

M.S. Bassis, R.J. Gelles and Levine, Sociology

Ian Robertson, Sociology

Anthony Giddens, Sociology

Vander Zanden, Sociology: The Core

 

Alex Inkels, What is Sociology

Pascal Gisbert, Introduction to Sociology

E.C. Cuff, W. Sharrock and D.W. Francis, Perspectives in Sociology

T.B. Bottomore, Sociology: A guide to problems and literature

J.E. Goldthrope, An Introduction to Sociology

Metta Spencer, Foundation of Modern Sociology

P.B. Horton and C.L. Hunt, Sociology

G. Lenski, J. Lenski and P. Nolan, Human Societies

E.W. Steward and J.A. Glynn, Introduction to Sociology

G. T. Miller, Living in the Environment

Samuel Koenig, Sociology

Nazmul Karim, Samajbighan Samikhan

 

Pre colonial Bengal: economy and culture in pre-British Bengal, comparison between Mughal land tenure system and western feudalism, nature of the rural economy in Pre-British Bengal, nature of urban economy in Pre-British Bengal, Pre-colonial mode of production. British period: (I) The de-industrialization of Bengal, the sunset law and the permanent settlement, commercialization of Bengal agriculture, the development of market in tenural rights and development of credit relations, tenancy legislation and the consequences, introduction of English education and its consequences; (ii) The representative Bengal famines - causes and consequences, the peasant rebellions and their impact on land relations. (iii) The abortive effort for Bengal entrepreneurial development, the rise of the Indian national Congress, the nationalist movement during the early twentieth century, the rise of the Muslim League and urge for independent Muslim development, Hindu-Muslim rivalry and the establishment of Pakistan. Pakistan period: state of the economy immediately after partition, policy of Muslim League government and its consequences with special reference to import substitution industrialization strategy, concentration of economic power, the causes of the war of independence and its consequences. Bangladesh period: different regimes.

1. Sirajul Islam (ed.). History of Bangladesh, 1701-1971, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 1972.

2. Dharma Kumer, Meghnad Desai, Cambridge Economic History of India, vol. 2. 1757-1970 CUP, 1983.

.3. Ashoke Desai, Population and Standard of Living in Akbar's Time.

4. Dharma Kumar, Economic History of Modern India.

5. Amit Bhaduri, The Evolution of Land Relations Under British Rule.

6. Ratna Lekha Ray, The Bengal Zaminders: Local Magnates and the State Before the Permanent Settlement.

7. Ranjit Guha, A Rule of Property for Bengal.

8. Binay Bhusan Chdry, Rural Credit Relations in Bengal 1759-1885.

9. Land Market in Eastern India 1798-1940.

10. Karenamoy Mukherjee, Land Transfer in Birbhum 1928-1955.

11. Kalyan Kumer Sengupta, The Agrarian League of Pabna 1873.

12 Agrarian Disturbances in 19th Century Bengal.

13. Partha Chatterjee, Agrarian Relations and Communalism in Bengal 1926-1935.

14. Ira Klein, Malaria and Mortality in Bengal 1840-1921.

15. Sumit Sarker, Hindu-Muslim Relations in Swadeshi Bengal 1903-1908.

16. M.M. Islam, Bengal Agriculture 1920-1946.

17. Sirajul Islam, The Permanent Settlement in Bengal Presidency 1790-1819.

18. Amales Tripthi, Trade and Finance in the Bengal Presidency 1793-1833.

19. A.Z.M.I. Awwal, Industrial Development of Bengal 1900-1039.

20. A.K.Sen, Poverty and Famines.

21. B.Bhatia. Famines in India.

22. P.C. Mitra, Weavers of Bengal.

23. N.K.Sinha, Economic History of Bengal.

24. M.A. Rahim, Muslim Society and Politics in Bengal 1757-1957.

25. Hamza Alavi, The Colonial Transformation in India, The Journal of Social Studies.

26. Meghand Desai,Demand for Cotton Textiles in 19th Century India, The Indian Economic and Social History, vol.1,1965.

27. S.Vyider, Urban Bias in Development.

 

What is Sociology: Origin and growth of Sociology as a discipline. Doing Sociology: Methods and techniques of research. Primary Concepts: Society, Community, Association, Institution, Group, Norms and Values. Social Process: Socialization, Cooperation, Competition and Conflict, Assimilation and Accommodation. Social Institutions: Family, Marriage, Property, Religion and other Economic and Political Institutions. Culture and Civilization: Material and non-material Culture, Acculturation, Cultural Diffusion, Culture and Civilization. Sociological Topologies: Static and Dynamics, Organic and Mechanical Solidarity, Gemeinschaft and Gesselschaft, Anomie and Alienation, Folkways and Mores, Social Functions and Social Actions. Social Structure: Components of Social Structure; Stratification; Class, Status and Power; Hegemony and Discourse; Theories of Social Structure. Population and Environment: Population Growth, Ecological Balance, Ecosystem, Environmental Problems in Sociological perspectives. Social Change: Theories, Change, Progress, and Evolution. Social Problems: Nature of Social Problems; Types of social Problems. Deviant Behavior: Crime, Violence, Substance abuse; Inequality: Poverty, Ethnicity, Gender, Work, Education and Environmental problems. Social Mobility: Minority groups, Relations and Reactions. Population and Health: Aging Problems.

Alex Inkels , What is Sociology?

Pascal Gisbert, Introduction to Sociology

T.B. Bottomore, Sociology: A guide to problems and literature.

J.E. Gold Thrope, Sociology of the Third World.

J.E. Goldthrope, An Introduction to Sociology.

Metta Spencer, Foundation of Modern Sociology.

P.B. Horton and C.L. Hunt, Sociology.

R.T. Schaefer and R.P. Lamm, Introducing Sociology

M.S. Bassis, R.J. Gelles and Levine, Sociology

G. Lenski, J. Lenski and P. Nolan, Human Societies

E.W. Steward & J.A. Glynn, Introduction to Sociology

F.R. Scarpitti & M.L. Andersen, Social Problems

Robertson, Sociology

Giddens, Sociology

Vander Zanden, Sociology: The Core

History of Human Civilizations: Its meaning, importance and scope- its relation with sociology, Different approaches to the study of history of human civilizations: Archaeological, Economic, Anthropological, and Sociological. Origin and Evolution of Society: Primitive, Pastoral, Agricultural, and Industrial., Various Civilizations : (a) Civilizations in river-valley regions- Egyptian, Babylonian, Indus and Chinese Civilizations; (b) Greek & Roman Civilizations. Oriental and Occidental Civilizations: Comparative Perspectives. Ancient Civilizations of Bangladesh: Paharpur, Mainamati and Mahastangarr. Modes of Production: Ancient (Slavery), Asiatic, Feudal and Modern Bourgeois (Capitalism). Controversies relating to Asiatic mode of production and feudalism with regard to the oriental societies.

Weber: Agrarian Sociology of Ancient Civilization.

Webster: World Civilization.

Swain: A History of World Civilization.

Wallbank and Taylor: Civilization: Past and Present.

Manfred (Ed.): A Short History of the world.

Mayers: General History.

Nehru: Glimpses of world History.

Majumder: History of Bengal, Vol.- I.

Childe: What Happened in History.

Kosambi: The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India in Historical Outline. Dev. Raj Ghorana: Slavery in Ancient India.

Dange: India from Primitive Communism to Slavery.

Marx: Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy.

Marc Bloch: Feudal Society, 2 Vols.

Steward: Irrigation Civilization.

M. Dobb: Studies in the Development of Capitalism.

Pirenne: Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe.

Piggot: Pre-Historic India.

Shelvankar: Problems of India.

Karim: Changing Society in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.

Govt. Publication on Mainamati, Paharpur, Mahasthangarr etc

 

Social History: Concept, Scope and its relation with Sociology and History, Historical Development from Ancient to Mughal Era- An overview of Gupta, Paul and Sen. Origin and Development of Bengal Village- Origin and Development of Bengal Land Tenure System. Various concepts of Village Community in Pre-British India: Economic Structure of the Village Community of Pre-British India and Bengal- Factors responsible for the change during the period of transition from Muslim rule to British rule- Land Tenure system in Pre-British Bangladesh- Controversies regarding the existence of private property in land in the Western sense in the Pre-British India and Bengal. Permanent Settlement Act of 1793 and its results: Differential spread of Sub- infeudation process in the land system of East and West Bengal and its impact upon agrarian class structure of different tenancy laws and their influences upon the peasant society of Bengal.

Bernier, Travels in the Mughal Empire

Maine, Village Communities in the East and West

S. Chandra, Parties and Politics at the Mughal Court

Weber, The Religion of India

S.C. Gupta, Agrarian Relations and early British Rule in India

Hai, The Agrarian System of Mughal India

M.N. Gupta, The Land System of Bengal..

Kosambi, Introduction to the study of Indian History.

D.P. Mukherjee, Modern Indian Culture.

Marx, Articles on India.

Wittfogel, The oriental Despotism.

Dange, India From Primitive Communism to Slavery.

Jainal Raj, The Rural Urban Economy and Social Changes in Ancient India.

B.M. Bhatia, History and Social Development Vol. I.

Jagadish N. Sarker, Studies in Economic Life in Mughal India.

Angus Maddison, Class Structure and Economic Growth: India and Pakistan since the Mughals.

Ghyrye, Cast and Class in India.

Desai, Social Background of Indian Nationalism.

S. Gopal, Permanent Settlement and its result.

 

The students shall prepare one term paper from their major courses on selected topics. The term paper will be graded as per university rule. Student will also be evaluated through a viva voce.

Introduction to Statistical Analysis: Definition, Function of Statistics, Relationship between statistics and Sociology, Problems of Generalization and Prediction in Sociology. Meaning and Measurement of Social Data: Nature and Classification of Data, Meaning and Measurement, Level of Measurement, Measurement in Sociology. Describing Data: Frequency Distribution; Graphic Presentation: Bar Diagram, Line Graph, Pie Chart, Histogram and Polygon, Stem and leaf display etc.; Proportion, Percentage, Ratio and Rates. Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion: The Arithmetic Mean, The Median, The Mode, Quartiles and Percentiles, Range, Inter quartile Range, Mean Deviation, Standard Deviation, Variance, Coefficient of Variation and Index of Dispersion. Normal Distribution: The Normal Curve, Area Under the Normal Curve, Use of Normal Curve. Sampling: Logic of Sampling; Sampling Representative ness, Non-Probability and Probability Sampling procedure, Central Limit Theorem and the Law of Large Number; Point and interval Estimates of Parameters; Estimating Sample Size for mean and Proportion. Probability: Basic Principles. The binomial distribution: Permutation and Combination, Addition and Multiplication Rules.

H.M. Blalock, Social Statistics.

H.J. Loether and D.G. McTavish, Descriptive and Inferential Statistics.

Understanding Statistics.

Statistical Techniques of Business and Economics.

Spiegel , Statistics.

Loether & MacTavish: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics.

 

Laboratory works based on SOC 121

English Education and the uneven development of educated middle class among the Hindus and the Muslims in Bengal- Emergence of various new social classes- Rise of commercial and industrial capitalist class. Social Movements: Raja Ram Mohan Roy etc. Rise of Nationalism: Indian Nationalism- Muslim Nationalism- Partition of India and Bengal. Peasant Movement of Bengal in 1946-47: East Pakistan State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950 and its effect upon the social structure of Bangladesh. Language Movement and its implication: Rise of Bengali Nationalism. Liberation movement of Bangladesh: Election of 1954; Six Point Movement of 1966; Movement of 1969; Election of 1970; Liberation War of 1971. Socio-economic and Political development during post- independent Bangladesh- (a) Economic Policies: Nationalization; Denationalization; Structural Adjustment. (b) Political crisis during different regimes: Role of Bureaucracy and Political Party; Military Rule and Move towards Democratization; (c) Decentralization policies, An over view of advent of the British rule.

M.N. Gupta, The Land System of Bengal.

N. Karim, The Dynamics of Bangladesh Society.

N. Karim, Changing Society in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.

Kosambi, Introduction to the study of Indian History.

D.P. Mukherjee, Modern Indian Culture.

Marx, Articles on India.

Jainal Raj, The Rural Urban Economy and Social Changes in Ancient India.

S. Narayan, A Century of Social Reform in India.

James Taylor, A Sketch of the Topography and Statistics of Dhaka Vol. I.

Syed Gulam Hossain Khan: The Seir Mutaquerin (The Views of Modern Times).

B.M. Bhatia, History and Social Development Vol. I.

Angus Maddison, Class Structure and Economic Growth: India and Pakistan since the Mughals.

Ghyrye, Cast and Class in India.

Desai, Social Background of Indian Nationalism.

Boornfield, Elite Conflict in a rural society: A Twentieth Century Bengal.

B.B. Misra, The Indian Middle Classes: Their Growth in Modern Times.

K.M. Ashraf, Life and Condition of the People of Hindustan.

Synil Sen, Agrarian Struggle in Bengal 1946-47.

G.P. Bhattacharjee, Renaissance and Freedom Movement in Bangladesh.

Colebrooke, Remarks on the Husbandry and Internal Commetc of Bengal.

Tripathi, Trade and Finance in the Bengal 1793-1833.

Aparna Basu, The Growth of Education and Political Development in India 1898-1920.

R.K. Mukherjee, Land Problems of India.

Kumruddin, Social History of Bangladesh,

 

Introduction: Nature, scope and rise of Industrial Sociology, History of Industrialization, ancient and modern, early industrialization in India, arts and crafts, Renaissance, Industrial revolution in Europe, The development of industry and industrial society in Bangladesh. The concept of work: Work and art, nature of industrial work, work ideology, work values, Role of work in human life, work and mental health, work attitudes, work involvement, the motivation of work ,work satisfaction, commitment to industrial work, development and commitment of industrial labor force in Bangladesh. The worker and the factory: The factory system, its characteristic, the formal relations of production in the factory system. The industrial Bureaucracy: The executive in the industrial bureaucracy, the role of worker, social relations at work, Management as a social elite. Industry and the community: Industry and family, industry and social change, shifting values, influence of convictions, religion and industrial development, place of industrial worker in the society, industry and -social stratification. Industrial Conflict: Nature and causes of industrial conflict, role and function of trade unionism, resolution of industrial conflict, collective bargaining. Industrialization and development: Patterns of industrial development in developing countries, role of foreign capital and borrowed technology, technology and social structure, classification of industries, role of cottage industries, labor intensive vs. heavy industries, modernization.

Ivar Berg, Industrial Sociology

Watson: Sociology, work and industry

 

1. Introduction : Definition of some basic concepts : Ecology and Environment, Ecosphere and Ecosystems. Species and Habitat, Food web and Tropic Structure, Social and Physical Environment. Biogeochemical Cycle and their Interaction with man and Environment. 2. Environmental Theories –Classical: Ibn Khaldun, Montesquieu, Buckle, Darwin and Wittfogal; Modern - Development of Environmentalism, Egocentrism versus Techno centrism, Tragedy of Commons, Blueprint For survival, Limits of Growth, Global 2000 report, Bright Global Future, Stockholm to Rio, Environmental Movement after Rio. 3. Major Environmental Issues: Population and Environment, Industrialization, Urbanization, Land use and Agriculture, Energy Consumption, Women and children,. Water issue, Health and Sanitation. 4. Environmental Hazards and disasters : Green House Effect, Nuclear Proliferation, Pollution, Deforestation, Flood and Cyclone, Poverty. 5. Environmental Policy & Planning : Environmental Planning, Government Policies and Programme, Impact, Evaluation and Feedback Action. 6. Social Structure, Development and Environment : Human versus Social Ecology, Social Stratification, Inequality and Environment, Consumption Pattern, Lifestyle and Environment Technology, Development and Environment, Social and Economic Process and Environment. Structural Change, Sustainable Growth environment, Eco Development, Strategies for Sustainable Development. 7. Politics and Environmentalism : The Political Culture and Environmental Politics, Environmental Policy Making Environmental Pressure Group. Environmentalism and Capitalism. Ecology and Politics, The Role of Government and Non -Government Actors in Environmental Movement, Rich World, Poor World, Trade, Debt and Aid.

World Commission - Our, Common Future.

G Tyler Miller Jr. Living in the Environment

G. Tyler Miller Jr.- Environmental Science

Atiq Rahman and others - Environmental and Development in Bangladesh.

Green woods and Edwards - Human Environment and Natural system

McCormick - The Global Environmental mental Movement.

Dietz - Environmental Policy and the Economy

Riodan - Environmentalism.

United Nations - Population & Environment and Development.

 

Me Quail: Towards a Sociology of Mass Communication.

Tunstall: Media are American.

Mass Communication Year Bank 1991.

 

Introduction: Roots of Critical Sociological Theories Early Structuralism: Freud, Mauss . Structuralism: Althusser, Levi- Strauss Post-Structuralist Thought: Derrida, Foucault Semiotic Studies: Barthes , Eco, Saussure Post-Marxism: Frankfurt Scholars- Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse, Hebermas, Luckas. Modernity: Nietzche, Simmel Post-Modernity: Kafka, Duras.

Wallace and Wolf, Contemporary Sociological Theories

Turner, The Structure of Sociological Theory

Abrahams, Modern Sociological Theory

Marcuse, One Dimensional Man

Habermas, Theory and Practice

Gouldner, The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology

T.B. Bottomore, The Frankfurt School

 

The nature and definition of Organizations. Organization in Historical Perspectives, Organization in Pre- capitalist Societies, Industrialism and organizations: Complex organization Theoretical Models: The beginning of Organizational research, psychological model, technological model structural functionalism, system model, action analysis of Organization, state bureaucracy and Multinational Organizations and neo-Marxist critique. Nature, Characteristics, Typologies of Organizations, Structural elements of Organizations. Technology and Organization: Organization as socio-technical system, Environment and organizational structure, technology and alienation. Bureaucracy: Nature and characteristics, The limits of bureaucracy, Work redesign and the limits of Tylorism and Fordism. Human Relations and the work group Earth approaches to Human behavior at work, limitations of Human relations tradition recent studies of work group. Decision-making process in organization resources. power, Authority and organizational goals, communication and the process of decision-making, control and autonomy. Patterns of interactions; Organizational roles; role conformity and performance; Non-compliance of roles; Types of conflict; Strategies conflict management. Comparative studies of organizations in capitalist and socialist countries - Authority. power and Industrial relations in socialist societies. Organizations and underdevelopment in the Third World Theories of organization. Underdevelopment and development; organizational problems; Corruption - Industrial relations: Multinational corporation and the Third World. Organizational management system

Burns (ed.): Industrial Man

Victor (ed.): Methods of Organization Research

Souldeer: Patterns of Ubdystruak Bureaucracy

Pugh (ed.): Organization Theory

Watson: Sociology, work and industry

 

Biography of Technology and Society: Technology and the industrial revolution, Technology's role in the rationalization of society Theories of Technology and Social Change: Technological Determinism, Social Constructivism, Actor-Network theory, Institutionalism, Feminist critiques Computer Technology and Society: Community, Democracy, and the nation state in cyberspaces Virtual Communities and Tele-Presence: Social Construction of the virtual world, Living room virtual reality, virtual communities with new cultures, institution and norms, hypertext revolution and the virtual society, virtual subjectivity and self fragmentation in cyberspace Gender, Sex and Race in the Cyberspace: Women in cyberspace, sex and eroticism in cyberspaces, racism in cyberspaces Cyber-capitalism: Capitalism and the commoditization of cyberspaces, cyberocracy, cybernetic revolution and the crisis of capitalism Comparative sociology of IT: Problems and opportunities for the south and north in cyberspace, IT and the disabilities in the context of developed and developing countries, rural and urban areas.

Bijker, Wiebe E., T.P. Hughes and T. Pinch (Eds.) The sociological Construction of Technological Change, Cambridge

Bijker, Wiebe E. and John Law (Eds.), Shaping Technology/Building Society: Studies in Socio-technical Change

Castells, Mannuel, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Blackwell

Noble, David F. The Religion of Technology: The Divinity of Man and the Spirit of Invention, Penguin

 

Rural Sociology: Definition, Scope and Importance; Theoretical Problems of rural Sociology; Development of Rural Sociology. Rural Social Structure: Patterns of Rural Class; Land Ownership and Tenancy Relations; Landlessness and Wage Labour Relations, Bangladesh perspective. Rural Power Structure: Nature; Rural Elite; Relationship between rural elite and national Power Structure; Kinship Relationship and Rural Power Structure; Bangladesh perspective, Nature and Functions of Village Samaj Peasant Society; Definition of Peasantry; Theories and Concepts regarding Peasantry: Organization Production School; Lenin's Model of Peasant Polarization; Shanin's Model of Rural Mobility; Patnaik's Debate. Rural Development: Definition and Importance of Rural Development; Issues and Strategies of Rural Development, Bangladesh perspective.

Chitambar, Rural Sociology

Norman Long, An Introduction to the Sociology of Rural Development

Atiur Rahman, Krishi Prasna

Theodor Shanin, The Awkard Class

M.J. Esman and Associates, The Landless and Near Landless in Developing Countries

Radha Sinha, Landlessness: A growing Problem

Khuda E. Barakat, Rural Development and Change

William Van Schendal, Peasant Mobility: The Odds of Life in Rural Bangladesh

Eric G. Jansen, Rural Bangladesh: Competition for Scarce Resources

Kamal Siddiqui, The Political economy of Rural Poverty in Bangladesh

Peter J. Bertocci, Elusive Village: Social Structure and Community Organization in Rural East Pakistan

Alamgir, Bangladesh: A Case of Below Poverty Level Equilibrium Trap.

Alamgir (ed.), Land Reform in Bangladesh.

Ali, Some Aspects of Peasant Behaviour in Bangladesh: A New Classical Analysis

 

Introduction: Marx's sociology and social philosophy - to Marx's Sociological thought, the materialist conception of history, Existence and consciousness, Society, Social relations and economic structure. Pre-capitalist Societies: Forms of Property and Modes of Production, Economic Structure, Social Stratification and Political Systems. Capitalist Society: (a) Origin & development of capitalism. (b) The social system of capitalism.(c) The ideology of capitalism.(d) Capitalism & Human Alienation.(e) Social classes and class conflict. Neo-Marxism.

Bottomore T. B & Rubel Maximilien, Karl Marx: Selected Writings in Sociology and Social Philosophy

Habsbawm Erik, The Per-capitalist Economic Formation

Marx Karl, The Capital, Vol, II, III

Marx Karl, The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts

Marx Karl, The Communist Manifesto

Marx Karl, The German Ideology

Bottomore T. B Marxist Thought

Hobsbaum, Pre-capitalism Economic formation.

M. Rubel, The society of capitalism

 

The concept of family, marriage and kinship, the formation and functions of family, mate selection, family as an institution, family as an agent of socialization. The origin and development of family, types of family, Theories of family- Engels, Ira L. Reiss, William J. Goode The Universality of family, The change of family over time; the dramatic change during industrial revolution and rapid urbanization in Europe; the current American single headed family, living together, the contemporary change of law about family formation in Europe The future prospect of family: Classical and contemporary views The oriental family: contrast with occidental family, Reversal trend of holding family values in contemporary American and European society Family from Bangladesh perspective.

The concept of religion, the role of supernatural power in defining religion, Is black magic religion? Religion as an institution The origin and development of religion; magic, totem, taboo and ancestor worship Theories of religion: Freud, Durkheim, Marx and Weber Functions of religion, functional alternatives of religion, the changing role of religious organization over time in European, American and Oriental societies The relationship of religion with other social institutions such as economy, polity- especially capitalism and bureaucracy.

Thomas F. O’Dea and Janet O’Dea Aviad, The Sociology of Religion

E. Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life

Sigmund Freud, Totem and Taboo

M. Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

William J. Goode, The Family

Goldthorpe, Sociology

Ira L. Riess, The universality of Family

 

Socio-economic and the political situation of the 19th century Europe; Intellectual Development. Auguste Comte: Positive Science, Law of Three Stages development. K. Marx: Dialectical and Historical materialism- Alienation, Class and Class Struggle- Labor and Surplus Value. E. Durkheim: Division of Labour- Social Solidarity- Suicide- Religion- Methodology. Max Weber: Methodology- Power and Authority- Rationalization- Economy- Society- Religion.. T. Parsons: Social Action- Social System- Structural-Functionalism; R. K. Merton: Functionalism- Middle Range Theory, Deviance; G.H. Mead: Symbolic Interaction Theory.

Thompson and J. Tunstall (ed.), Sociological Perspective.

Bottomore and R. Nisbet (ed.), A History of Sociological Analysis

R. Aron, Main Currents in Sociological Thought.

G. Ritzer, Classical Sociological Theory

Dayle Paul Johnson, Sociological Theories

M. Francis Abraham, Modern Sociological Theories

Wallace and Wolf, Contemporary Sociological Theories

 

1. Introduction : Definition, nature, scope and importance of demography. Relation with allied discipline, Development of social demography. 2. Population Theory : Pre modern population theories, Malthus, Marx, Theory of demographic transition, and adjacent theory. 3. Nature of Demographic data : Types and source of demographic data, accuracy and error in demographic data, Adjustment and correction of errors. 4. Population Structure : Age and sex structure, determinants and consequences, Age pyramid, sex ratio, dependency ratio, 5. Marriage and Family : Patterns of courtship, mate selection, age at marriage, Universality of early marriage, Hazual's analysis of Modern European marriage pattern, status of women, marriage and family. 6. Fertility : Definition and components of fertility, trends and variation in fertility. Theories of fertility, measurement and analysis of fertility, contra capitalizing, fertility trends in Bangladesh. 7. Migration : Some basic concepts, differentiation and selectivity in migration theories, causes and consequences, urbanization and migration, measurement and analysis regarding migration. 8. Mortality : Consequences of mortality, causes of death, trends and variation of mortality, mortality rate decline factors, measuring mortality : rates, standardization, life expectancy and life table, social structure & mortality. 9. Population growth and projection : World population trends, factors affecting population growth, measurement of population growth rate, Techniques of population projection. 10. Population growth and contemporary issues : Aging, economic development, food, women and family, urbanization, environment, education, housing, health and sanitation, population policy, fertility control policy, family planning, Government and NGO participation for population control in Bangladesh.

Heury Shyrock and Jacob Siegel - The methods of Materials of Demography.

Peter - Cox - Demography

Warren Thompson and David Lewis population problems.

Philip Hasser and Dudley dun can - The study of population.

United Nations : Demographic yearbook.

George Barclay - Techniques of population analysis.

 

Nature and Characteristics of Science; Sociology as a Science; Sociology and social Reality; Problems of Objectivity in Sociology; Question of Values in sociology; Sociology and Code of Ethics; Reliability & validity of Social data, Scientific Method- Theory and Research. Language and Logic of Science in Sociology: Basic Elements of Research- Symbols, Concepts, Variables, Propositions, Statements - forms of theoretical statement. Types of Research: Pure, Applied, Action, Operational, Evaluation- Monitoring. Research Steps and Design: Research Method and Techniques: Observation, Survey, Case Study, Content Analysis, PRA, RRA, Historical, Philosophical, Experimental, Exploratory; Research Instruments: Interview Guide, Interview Schedule; Sampling: Probability and Non-Probability Sampling; Sample Size Calculations; Data Collection Procedures & Observation: Participation, Interviews, Questionnaire; Data Measurement in Scales- Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio; Preparation of Data for Analysis: editing and coding, Data analysis: (a)Quantitative: Tabulations: Univariate, Bivariate, Multivariate Data Analysis; Use of Statistics, Measures of Reliability & Validity, Hypothesis Testing;(b) Qualitative: Content analysis Triangulation. etc. Report writings. History and philosophy of Research methods.

C. Seitig, et el, Research Methods in Social Relations.

W.J.Goode & P.K. Hatt, Methods in Social Research.

P.V. Young, Scientific Social Survey and Research.

B. Philips, Sociological Research Methods: An Introduction.

B. Philips, Social Research Strategy Tactics.

C.A. Moser & G. Dalton, Survey Methods in Social Investigation.

N. Lin, Fundamentals of Social Research.

Babbie, Practice of Social Research.

Bailly, Methods of Social Research.

T.L. Baker, Doing Social Research

Tim May, Social Research; Issues and Process

 

 

Laboratory works based on SOC 231

Social Thought in the Antiquity: Greek Philosophers- Plato (427-347 BC)- Basis of State-Concept of Justice Plato's Communism- Aristotle (384-322 BC) - Origin and Nature of the State- Aristotle's Attitude Towards Slavery- Theory of Property- The Middle Classes- Causes and Prevention of Revolution; Medieval Social Thought: St. Augustine (354-430 AD) - Foundation of State- The Earthly and the Heavenly City-St. Thomas Aquinas (1226-1274)- Natural Law and Human Law; Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406)- `Assabiyya' (Social Solidarity) and its difference with that of Durkheim- Causes of the Rise and Fall of Civilization- Modern Social Thought: Machiavelli (1469-1527)- Rise of bourgeois Ideology- Conception of Evolution of Society- `Material Interest' and `Power' as the driving forces of History- Conflict of Interests between the Masses and the Ruling Classes- Hobbes (1588-1679)- The State of Nature- The Meaning of Social Contract; Civil Law and Natural Law; Locke (1632-1704) - The State of Nature- Conceptions of Slavery, Property and Political Society; Vico (1668-1744) - Theory of the Evolution of nation- Decline of Human Society- Montesquieu (1689-1755)- The Social Foundations of Governments- Religions and the Forms of State- Influence of Geography, Rousseau (1712-1778)- Civil State- General Will- Origin of Private Property and Rise of Social Inequality; Hegel (1770-1831)- Hegel's Philosophy and Bourgeois Development in Germany- Nature of Hegel's Dialectics;

G.H. Mead, History of Political Thought

R. Chambliss, Social Thought

H.E. Barnes, Social Thought from Lore to Science

Plato, Republic (Trans. F. M. Conford)

Aristotle, Politics (trans. Benjamin Jowett)

St. Augustine, The City of God (Trans. Marcus Dods)

Hobbes, Leviathan

Locke, Two Treatises on Social Government

Rousseau, The Social Contact

Kautilya, Arthashastra (Trans. R. Shamashastry)

 

Definition, Nature and scope of Social Psychology: Place of social psychology in the sphere of sciences- Relation of sciences- Methods and Data of social psychology. Historical Background of the development of social psychology as a separate discipline- Schools of modern social psychology. Psychology of the individual: Socialization of the individual. Social Psychology of the group: Human group life, Role of mind in group formation, Types of group, Group solidarity and leadership. Social Psychology of the Crowd: Classification of the crowd, Analysis of crowd behavior. Social Psychology of Attitudes: Beliefs, Prejudice, Interests and Ideologies. Psychology of Collective Behavior: Psychology of Fashion, Psychology of Propaganda, Mass Communication. Psychology of Cooperation and Conflict. Psychology of Cognition: Sensation, Types of social stimulus and response, development and social factors of perceptions, difference between motivation and drive, difference between motive and emotion, Types of motive, motivation and social behavior, Learning, Relations between learning and reflex, types of reflex. Personality: Factors and Structures of Personality, Developmental Theories of Personality (Jung, Spranger, Hippocrates, Allport, Catcell, Freud and Adler); Personality and Culture (Horney, Linton, Mead and Kardiner); Personality measurement. Ethnic and rural psychology of Bangladesh.

Environmental and Social Psychology.Approaches of Social Psychology to Legal Systems.

The student shall prepare one seminar paper from the major courses on selected topic. The paper will be presented in the class room. Teachers predicating seminar will evaluate the student as per university rule. Student will also be evaluated through a viva voce.

Socio-economic and the political situation of the 19th century Europe- Intellectual Development. Auguste Comte: Positive Science, Law of Three Stages development. K. Marx: Dialectical and Historical materialism- Alienation, Class and Class Struggle- Labor and Surplus Value. H. Spencer: Social Darwinism- Evolution. E. Durkheim: Division of Labor- Social Solidarity- Suicide- Methodology. Max Weber: Methodology- Protestant ethic and the development of capitalism- Power and Authority- Rationalization. V. Pareto: Elite and Circulation of Elite- Psychoanalysis- Logico-experimental Method. K. Mannheim: Sociology of Knowledge. T. Parsons: Social Action- Social System- Structural-Functionalism; R. Merton: Functionalism- Deviance; G.H. Mead: Symbolic Interaction Theory. Contemporary Sociological Theory and Schools- Frankfurt School-Critical theory. Exchange Theory: Homans and Blau. Phenomenology- Schutz, Ethnomethodology- Garfinkel, Dramaturgy-Goffman, Crisis in Sociology-Gouldner.

Thompson and J. Tunstall (ed.), Sociological Perspective

Bottomore and R. Nisbet (ed.), A History of Sociological Analysis

R. Aron, Main Currents in Sociological Thought.

Ritzer, Classical Sociological Theory

Johnson, Sociological Theories

M. Francis Abraham, Modern Sociological Theories

Wallace and Wolf, Contemporary Sociological Theories.

Nachmias & Nachmias, Research Methods in the Social Sciences.

Monette, Sullivan & De Jong, Applied Social Research.

 

Rural sociology: Definition, scope and importance, development of rural sociology:theoritical problems of rural sociology. Rural social structure: Pattern of rural class, land ownership and tenancy relation; landlessness and wage labor relations. Rural power structure: nature, rural elite ,relationship between rural elite and national power structure, kinship relationship and rural power structure ,nature and functions of village community(gram samaj).Rural Institutions formal and informal rural institutions. Nature of Peasant Society: Definition of peasantry; Theory and Concepts regarding Peasantry: Organization production school; Lenin’s model of peasant polarization; Shanin’s model of rural mobility Patnaik’s debate. Rural Development: Definition and importance of rural development; issues and strategies of rural development, Agricultural Development: Introduction; adoption and consequences of new programs; technology and institutions.

Books Recommended:

Alamgir, Bangaldesh: A Case of Below Poverty Level Equilibrium Trap.

Alamrir(de) Land Reform in Bangladesh.

Ali, Some Aspects of Peasant Behavior in Bangladesh: A New Classical Analysis.

Each student will conduct a research monograph on a topic derived from all the courses s/he studied. The topic and a proposal will be prepared to conduct the research by the student after enrollment. The student will submit four copies of the final report to the department. The respective supervisor and the external examiner will evaluate the report. The student will also face oral defense through the concerned examination committee. The report will be graded as per university rule.

The students shall prepare one term paper from their major courses on selected topic. The term paper will be graded as per university rule. Student will also be evaluated through a viva voce.

Introduction: Definition, scope and use of quantitative data; difference between the art and science of available data Design and Structure of Research: Research design, classic experimental design, Causal inferences-co- variation, non-spuriousness, time order; components of research design- comparison, manipulation, control, generalizabiity: design types-controlled experimentation, the Solomon four-group design. The posttest-Only control group design, Factorial design. Cross Sectional and Quasi-Experimental Designs: Types of relations and designs, cross sectional designs, quasi-experimental designs-contrasted group designs, planned variation designs, panels and time series designs, control series designs; combined designs. Data Preparation: coding schemes, rule of coding, code book construction, coding reliability, spot-checking for errors. Distribution of Data: Rule of statistics frequency distribution with interval variables and various measures. Construction bi-variate table, principles of co-variation, nominal, ordinal and interval measures of relationship . Control, Elaboration and Multivariate Analysis: Methods of control cross-tabulation as a control operation, causal methods and path analysis. Index construction and Sealing Methods: Defining the purpose of the index, selecting and collecting the base of comparison, methods of aggregation and weighting, Likert, Guttman, Bogardus, Thurstone scaling and other composite measures factor analysis. Inferences: The strategy of testing hypotheses, null and research hypotheses, level of significance and region of rejection, type I and type II error, parametric and non-parametric test of significance.

Nachmias & Nachmias , /research Methods in the Social Sciences.

Monette, Sullivan & DeJong , Applied Social Research .

 

Laboratory Works based on SOC 351

SOC 353 CRIMINOLOGY

Criminology: Definition, Nature, Scope and Importance and development of Criminology as a separate discipline. Scientific Status of Criminology and Research Methods in Criminology. Schools of Criminology: Pre-Classical Schools, Classical School, Neo-classical School, Positive School, Geographical School, Sociological School & Socialist School. Crime and Criminal: Problems of Defining crime and criminal; Legal Definition of crime and sociological definition of crime, nature of crime. Crime & Sin, Crime & Immorality- Ferri, Garofalo, Goring, Hooton, etc.; Psychological Approach - Freudian Psycho analysis and Crime - Feeble mindness and Crime, Psychopathic Personality and Crime; Sociological Approach - Durkheim's Theory of Anomie; Merton's Theory of Deviant Behavior; Interactions Perspective, Symbolic Interactionism and Meaning of crime to the Criminal; Labeling Theory; Tarde's Theory of imitation, Sutherland's Theory of Differential Association; Fillin's Theory of Differential Interaction; Economic Approach - Economic Factors and Crime; Marxist Criminology; Institutional and Multiple Factor Approaches. Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Delinquent Etiology of Delinquency; Juvenile Court. White Collar Crime: Problem of Definition, Nature and Etiology of White Collar Crime. Social Dimension and Crime: Gender and Crime; Race, Crime and Criminal Justice. Recidivism: Nature of Recidivism; Etiology of and Solution to Recidivism. Penology: Punishment - Theories of Punishment and limitation of Punishment; Forms of Punishment. Correction and Prevention of Crime: Correctional Methods; Probation and Parole; Measures for Preventing Crime. Crimes and Juvenile Delinquency in Bangladesh: Etiology, Penology and Correctional Methods.

M. Afsaruddin, Juvenile Delinquency in East Pakistan.

Barnes and Tecters, New Horizons in Criminology

Gillin, Criminology and Penology

Haskell, Crime and Delinquency

Paranjape, Criminology and Penology

Quinney, Criminology

Sutherland and Cressey, Criminology

Vold, Theoretical Criminology

Ferri, Criminal Sociology

Garofalo, Criminal Sociology

Garofalo, Criminology

Hooton, Crime and the Man

Beccaria, Essays on Crime and Punishment

Dressler, Practice and Theory of Probation and Parole

A.C. Healy, Crime and its Relation to Social Progress

Reckless, Criminal Behaviour

Latifa Akand and Ishrat Shamim, Women and Violence

 

Introduction: Definition, field and relevance of Urban Sociology; Concept, Theories, and methods in Urban Sociology Development of City (analytical/historical): (a) Contrasting definition-characteristics common to natural cities-measurement of degree of urbaneness-principles and factors in location of cities-comparative size of cities; (b) Origin and development-per-historic cities-first classical urban revolution-decline of classic cities; (c) Feudal cities-revival, physical structure, characteristics and decline renaissance cities-second urban revolution-comparison between European and pre-capitalist Indian cities; (d) Urban growth in America-pre-industrial and industrial-immigrants problems, reform movement urban imagery, ambivalence, myth of rural virtue, Pre-industrial and industrial cities-Why cities have developed, spreaded and declined Theories of urban growth: (a) Historical School- social psychological school- early trends in American city theory, the rise of ecological school-Alternative theories-contemporary ecology- Social area analysis, factorial ecology; (b) Rural-Urban dimension in pre-industrial, transitional and industrial societies-Folk-urban continuum. Urban institution and problems Family and marriage education, school and Welfare-Leisure time activities-religion and activities-neighborhoods, networks and association. The social psychology of urban life b) Municipality and state- local government-political party - Government and politics-informal structure and division c) Urban economic organization-development of contemporary economy- problems of human relation in urban economy-corporate bureaucracy-Employment trends- Labor force market Persistent urban space; [problems, Urban crime, Unrest and social control- ethnic and racial minorities-social classes in the majority population-Disorganized areas- Effects on personality Third world urbanization .New urban sociology-scale and pace of urbanization-world population change-changing role of cities-the inhabitants- current problems in developing cities. Extended urbanization in South East Asia. Bangladesh perspective- Spatial growth, Urban social structure, Informal sector development, Urban governance.

H.E Notridge.The Sociology of Urban Living

G.Child: What Happened in History.

J A Cuim: Urban Sociology

H Gold: The Sociology of Urban life

G.Sjoberg: The Preindustrial City

M.Weber; The City

Max Weber: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.

H J Gans ;The urban Villagers: Group and class in the life of Italian Americans.

J.J Palen; The Urban World.

N D Fustel De Coulanges: The Ancient City: A study on the Religion, Lands, and institutions of Greece and Rome.

H Pirenne: Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade.

K H Wolf Translated and Edited; The Sociology of George Simmel.

Feris: A Handbook of Modern Sociology

G.Breecec: Urbanization in the Developing Countries: Reading on Urbanism and urbanization.

S, F Faba: Urbanism in World perspective.

Alavi and Shanin: Introduction to the Sociology of Developing Societies.

T.N.Clark(ed.): Urban policy Analysis: Directions for Future Research.

N.Boeden: Urban Policy making: Influences on County Boroughs in England and Wales.

Harrison and Gibsin (ed.):Man in urban Environments.

Renard: National Urbanization Policy in Developing Countries.

R.Ramachamdran: Urbanization and Urban Systems in India.

Kaman Siddique et el.: Social formation in Dhaka City.

J. Tailor ;A Sketch of the Topography and Statistics of Dhaka, Vol. I.

A Karim ;Dhaka: The Mughal Capital.

A.H. Dani ;Dhaka :A Record of its Changing Fortunes .

R, H. Chaudhury :Urbanization in Bangladesh.

K. Salahuddin and Sharnim: Women in Urban Informal Sector.

J E Goldthorpe: Sociology of the Third World

 

Introduction: Definition, nature, scope and importance of demography Population Theories:- Pre-modern population doctrines-Malthus, Mary Demographic Transition -Theory of demographic transition and its adjunct theories Nature of Demographic Data: Types and source of demographic data Evaluation of accuracy and errors in demographic data Adjustment and correction of errors in demographic data Quality of demographic data in Bangladesh Population Structure and Composition:- Age and sex structure pattern and variations. Determinant and consequences of age and sex structure. Techniques of analysis: age and age pyramid, sex ratio, dependent of ratio and labor force participation rate Marriage and Family Formation:- Age at marriage : Universality of early marriage, Haznal’s analysis of the European marriage pattern Fertility: Definition and components of fertility; Trends and variations in fertility; Differentials and determinants of fertility; Measurement of fertility Migration: Some basic concepts Differentials and selectivity in migration theories and typologies Causes and consequences of migration Measurements of migration Mortality: Components of mortality ; Causes of death trends and variations in mortality Factors responsible for the decline in mortality rates Measuring mortality: death rates standardization, life expectancy and life table Population Projection: Techniques of population projection Trends in Bangladesh Population policy of Bangladesh: population a prospect or problem; Population policy in Bangladesh.

J.R. Weeks: Population: An Introduction to concepts and Issues.

P.E. Zopt Jr.: Population: An Introduction to Social Demography.

Judah Matras(ed.) : Population and Societies.

Shryock and Seigel: Methods and Materials of Demography.

G. Barelay: Techniques of Population Analysis.

 

Lab Works based on SOC 365

1.Historical Background of the Development of Feminist and Gender Studies : Concept of feminism and gender; establishment of gender studies as a separate discipline: gender studies and women Studies ; Gender and feminist Theory : Politics of Reproduction- Ethnomethodological Viewpoint. 2. Gender and Social Inequality: Universal Subordination of Women : Theoretical Debates : Socio-biological Argument ;Materialist Conception; Private Vs Public Analysis; Psychoanalytic Perspective; Environmental Debates; Ideological Issues. Relative position of man and woman in the society ; Division of labor, Prejudice and Discrimination-degree ; Biological, Psychological and Cultural